Chapter 9

• Define as multifaceted capacity that manifests itself in different ways across the life span.


  Intelligence
• He believed that the most intelligent persons were those equipped with the best sensory abilities.


  Francis Galton
• He argued that when one solves a particular problem, the abilities used cannot be separated because they interact to produce the solution.

  Alfred Binet
• For him intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully , to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.


  David Weschler
• For him intelligence may be conceived of as a kind of evolving biological adaptation to the outside world.


  Jean Piaget
• Refers to the complex concept by which heredity and environment are presumed to interact and influence the development of one's intelligence.

  Interactionism
• He developed and published the Primary Mental Abilities (PMA).


  Louis L. Thurstone
• The focus is squarely on identifying the ability or groups of abilities

  deemed to constitute intelligence.

  Factor analysis theories
• The focus is on identifying the specific mental processes that constitute intelligence.

  Information processing theories
• All of the abilities listed in a stratum are subsumed by or incorporated in the strata above.

  Hierarchical model
• Acquired skills and knowledge and their retrieval.

  Crystallized intelligence
• Nonverbal, relatively culture free, and independent of specific instruction.


  Fluid intelligence
• It decline with age and tend to return preinjury levels following brain damage.

  Vulnerable abilities
• Tend not to decline with age and may return to preinjury levels following brain damage.

  Maintained abilities
• The model was the product of efforts designed to improve the practice of psychological assessment in education.

  Psychoeducational assessment
• Assessment that employs tests from different test batteries and entails interpretation of data from specified subtests to provide a comprehensive assessment.

  Cross-battery assessment
• This approach focuses on the mechanisms by which information is processed how information is processed rather than what is processed.

  The information-processing view
• Information is integrated all at one time.

  Simultaneous or parallel processing
• Each bit of information is individually processed in sequence.


  Successive or sequential processing
• It was the first published intelligence test to provide organized and detailed administration and scoring instructions.


  First edition of Stanford Binet
• The age level at which an individual appears to be functioning intellectually as indicated by the level of items.

  Mental age
• It is the ratio of the test taker's mental age divided by his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100 to eliminate decimals.

  Ratio IQ
• Reflects a comparison of the performance of the individual with the performance of others of the same age in the standardization sample.

  Deviation IQ
• A test organized into subtests by category of item.


  Point scale
• Defined as a test score or index derived from the combination of and/or a mathematical transformation of one or more subtest score.

  Test composite
• Refers to a test that has been abbreviated in length.


  Short forms
• A psychological dimension that characterizes the consistency with which one acquires and process information.

  Cognitive style
• A deductive reasoning process that entails recall and consideration of facts.

  Convergent thinking
• Reasoning process in which thought is free to move in many different directions, making several solutions possible.

  Divergent thinking
• The extent to which a test incorporates the vocabulary, concepts, traditions, knowledge, and feelings associated with a particular culture.

  Culture loading
• Test or assessment process that is designed to minimize the influence of culture with regard to various aspects of evaluation procedure.

  Culture fair intelligence test
• This test would be administered to Army recruits who could read.

  Army Alpha test
• Designed for administration to foreign-born recruits with poor knowledge of English or to illiterate recruits.

  Army Beta test
• An instrument or procedure used to identify a particular trait or constellation of traits at gross or imprecise level.

  Screening tool
• A shorthand reference to the progressive rise intelligence test scores that is expected to occur on a normed test intelligence from the date when the test was first normed.


  Flynn effect