Micro Finals

• Eukaryotic cells


  Large complex cells divided into separate compartments by membrane-bound components called organelles
• External structures of eukaryotic cells

  • Appendages (cilia or flagella for locomotion)
  • Glycocalyx (slime layer or capsule)
  • Cell wall (present in fungi and algae, made of cellulose or chitin)
  • Cell membrane
• Cell membrane


  Composed of a double layer of phospholipids and proteins
• Internal structures of eukaryotic cells

  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Chloroplasts (in photosynthetic cells)
• Nucleus


  Membrane bound organelle containing chromatin (chromosomal DNA) and nucleolus (site for RNA synthesis)
• Mitochondria


  Site for energy generation (ATP), containing matrix with ribosomes, DNA and enzymes
• Endoplasmic reticulum


  Rough ER (with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis), Smooth ER (site of lipid synthesis)
• Golgi apparatus


  Site of modification and packaging of molecules
• Chloroplasts


  Site of photosynthesis (in photosynthetic cells)
• Types of fungi

  • Molds (multicellular)
  • Yeasts (unicellular)
• Types of protists

  • Protozoas (unicellular)
  • Algae (unicellular or multicellular)
• Types of helminths

  • Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
  • Roundworms (Nematodes)
• Fungi


  • Eukaryotic microorganisms
  • Heterotrophic, feed on organic substrates
  • Some are saprophytes/saprobes (consume dead matter)
  • Have cell walls made of chitin
  • Reproduce asexually and sexually by spores
  • Most are aerobes or facultative anaerobes
• Types of fungi

  • Microscopic fungi (yeasts and molds)
  • Macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs)
• Yeast cells


  Unicellular, non-filamentous, oval or spherical budding cells
• Molds and fleshy fungi


  Multicellular, filamentous fungi with a thallus (body) consisting of many hyphae
• Types of hyphae


  • Septate (cells divided by cross-walls)
  • Aseptate (long continuous cells without cross-walls)
• Mycelium


  Large, visible, filamentous mass made up of many hyphae
• All fungi are heterotrophic and most are saprobes
• Optimal temperature for fungal growth is 20°–40°C
• Asexual reproduction in yeast

  Fission or budding
• Types of asexual spores in fungi

  • Sporangiospores
  • Conidiospores (arthrospores, chlamydospores, blastospores, phialospores, macro- and microconidiospores)
• Sexual reproduction in fungi

  1. Zygospore formation

  2. Ascospore formation

  3. Basidiospore formation
• Fungal phyla


  • Zygomycota
  • Ascomycota
  • Basidiomycota
  • Imperfect fungi (Deuteromycetes)
• Zygomycota


  • Asexual reproduction by sporangiospores, sexual reproduction by zygospores, hyphae not septated, generally not pathogens
• Ascomycota


  • Asexual reproduction by conidiospores, sexual reproduction by ascospores, hyphae septated
• Basidiomycota


  • Includes mushrooms, asexual reproduction through hyphae, sexual reproduction by basidiospores
• Imperfect fungi


  • Reproduce only through asexual spores, classified as Deuteromycetes, some produce toxic mycotoxins
• Types of fungal diseases/mycosis

  • Systemic mycoses
  • Subcutaneous mycoses
  • Superficial mycoses
  • Cutaneous mycoses (dermatophytoses)
  • Opportunistic mycoses
• Fungal species

  • Penicillium (produces penicillin)
  • Saccharomyces (baking and beer yeast)
  • Pneumocystis jeroveci (pathogen of AIDS patients)
  • Histoplasma (cause of Ohio Valley fever)
  • Microsporum (one cause of ringworm)
  • Candida albicans (cause of yeast infections)
  • Stachybotrys (toxic mold)
• Kingdom Protista


  Unicellular, colonial and multicellular groups
• Types of algae

  • Euglenophyta (Euglenoids)
  • Chlorophyta (green algae)
  • Crysophyta (Golden Algae)
  • Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)
• Types of macroscopic algae

  • Phaeophyta (Brown algae)
  • Rhodophyta (Red algae)
• Algae


  • Aquatic photosynthetic protists
  • Have rigid cell walls and chloroplasts containing chlorophyll and other pigments
• Protozoans


  Animal-like protists, most have locomotor structures (cilia, flagella, pseudopods), lack cell wall, covered by a pellicle
• All protozoans are heterotrophic, obtain large food particles by phagocytosis</b>
• Protozoans can grow in both aerobic and anaerobic environments
• Asexual reproduction in protozoans

  Binary fission (longitudinal or transverse)
• Sexual reproduction in protozoans

  Fusion of free-swimming gametes, conjugation
• Major groups of protozoans


  • Mastigophora (Flagellates)
  • Sarcodina (Amoebas)
  • Ciliophora (Ciliates)
  • Apicomplexa (Sporozoans)