bio co4

• Reproduction


  Biological process by which new individuals of the same species are produced, ensuring the continuation and survival of that species
• Development


  The series of processes and changes that an organism undergoes throughout its life, from conception to maturity
• Asexual reproduction


  The creation of offspring from a single parent, without the fusion of gametes (sex cells)
• Binary Fission


  The parent organism divides into two nearly equal parts, each of which grows into a new individual
• Budding


  A small outgrowth or bud forms on the parent organism, which eventually detaches and develops into a new individual
• Fragmentation


  The parent organism breaks into fragments, each of which can grow into a new individual
• Vegetative Propagation


  New individuals develop from specialized vegetative structures such as stems, roots, or leaves
• Parthenogenesis


  Development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg
• Sexual reproduction


  The fusion of gametes (sperm and egg cells) from two parents to form a new individual
• Internal Fertilization


  The union of sperm and egg occurs inside the body of one of the parents
• External Fertilization


  Sperm and egg cells are released into the external environment, where fertilization occurs
• Copulation

  Specialized structures facilitate the transfer of sperm from one individual to another
• Pollination


  Transfer of pollen containing male gametes from the male reproductive organ (stamen) to the female reproductive organ (pistil) of a flower
• Angiosperms


  Flowering plants that exhibit a life cycle with alternation of generations, including a haploid (gametophyte) and a diploid (sporophyte) phase
• Receptacle


  The enlarged tip of the pedicel where all the floral parts are attached
• Sepals


  The outermost whorl of floral organs, typically green in color, and collectively form the calyx
• Petals


  The second whorl of floral organs, typically brightly colored or patterned, and collectively form the corolla
• Stamens


  The male reproductive organs of the flower
• Anther


  The part of the stamen where pollen grains containing the male gametes (sperm cells) are produced through meiosis
• Filament


  The slender stalk-like structure that supports the anther and positions it for pollen dispersal
• Pistil or Carpels


  The female reproductive organ of the flower, typically located in the center
• Stigma


  The sticky or feathery structure at the top of the pistil, which receives pollen during pollination
• Style


  The slender tube-like structure that connects the stigma to the ovary
• Ovary


  The swollen base of the pistil that contains ovules (female gametes or egg cells) and develops into the fruit after fertilization
• Runners and Stolons


  Specialized stems in plants that grow horizontally along the ground, enabling vegetative propagation by producing new plants at nodes along their length
• Rhizomes


  Specialized underground stems that grow horizontally just below the soil surface, enabling vegetative propagation by producing new shoots and roots at nodes along their length
• Tubers


  Specialized underground storage structures found in certain plants, serving as a means of storing carbohydrates, nutrients, and energy reserves
• Bulbs


  Structures that enable vegetative propagation by producing new shoots from the buds located within the scales or basal plate
• Stem Cuttings


  Portions of stems with nodes are cut and planted in soil or water until they develop roots and shoots
• Leaf Cuttings


  Leaves are cut into sections and planted to develop roots and shoots
• Root Cuttings


  Sections of roots are cut and planted to develop new shoots and roots
• Simple Layering


  A low-growing branch is bent down and partially buried in soil while still attached to the parent plant, then separated to form a new individual
• Tip Layering


  The tip of a stem is bent down and buried in soil to promote root formation, then severed from the parent plant to form a new individual
• Grafting


  A shoot (scion) from one plant is attached onto the stem (rootstock) of another plant, and the two parts grow together to form a single plant
• Budding


  A bud or bud piece with some bark is attached onto the stem of another plant
• Testes


  The primary reproductive organs in male animals, responsible for producing sperm cells (spermatogenesis) and secreting male sex hormones
• Ovaries


  The primary reproductive organs in female animals, responsible for producing egg cells (oocytes) and secreting female sex hormones
• Monoecious


  Organisms with both male and female reproductive structures on the same individual
• Dioecious


  Organisms with male and female reproductive structures on separate individual organisms
• Oviparous


  Animals that lay eggs, and the embryos develop and hatch outside the parent's body