Human Geography

• Where is Kerla?

  South-West India
• What is Kerla's birth rate?

  13.2/1000
• Education in Kerla?

  - 85% of women are literate meaning they are more educated about pregnancy and have access to more education, delaying the average age to have first child and decreasing birth rate
• Women's status in Kerla?

  - Women are seen as an asset to society

  - Gives them more freedom in life, like education, and are not just seen as child bearers

  - Less expectations
• Healthcare in Kerla?

  - Kerala has very developed healthcare compared to the rest of India

  - 4965 hospitals

  - better and quicker access to healthcare
• Are there incentives in Kerala to have less children?

  - Maternity leave is only offered for the first two children

  - Extra retirement benefits for those with smaller families
• Contraception in Kerala?

  - High levels of access to contraception in Kerala

  - Despite being Muslim, there is less stigma

  - Left-wing government facilitates this
• What was the land reform in Kerala?

  - Land was redistributed so no one was landless

  - 8 Hectors a family so people could become self-sufficient

  - Less need for children to work on farm
• Infant mortality rate in Kerala?

  6/1000

  -Less need to have children as they are dying less
• How many people suffer famine in South Sudan?

  -7.5 million

  - Over half the population
• What is the significance of the civil war in South Sudan?

  - Began in 2013

  - caused an economic free fall and inflation in food prices

  - Farmers move to subsistence as they cannot sell their food

  - 50% of crops were destroyed

  - 1.4 million estimated dead
• What is South Sudan's climate?

  - Average temperature of 34 degrees

  - Leads to soil erosion where the soil is not fertile

  - Desertification

  - Northern regions receive almost no rainfall

  - Sahel region
• Floods in South Sudan?

  - Intense flood from May to December 2021

  - 800000 impacted

  - Crops destroyed

  - 1/4 livestock lost

  - Vital supplies like fishing nets
• Inflation rates in South Sudan?

  - Reached up to 836%

  - Food not affordable
• Education in South Sudan?

  - 35% literacy rates

  - 70% in primary sector

  - Little knowledge on how to alleviate effects of droughts, floods, how to increase yield etc
• Effects of the food insecurity in South Sudan?

  - 70000 died from malnutrition

  - 34000 fled to Uganda

  - Violence over competition for resources

  - Aid dependency, 5 million people receive food aid but now cannot function without it
• What percent of Japan's population is over 60?

  38%
• What is Japan's dependency ratio now and in 2050?

  35% and projected to be 42% in 2050
• What is marriage in Japan?


  - Marriages on average occurring over 30 leaving a shorter period to have children

  - Marriage is essential for having children. In japan only 2% of children are born out of wedlock compared to 40% in the US

  - Contributing to an aging population
• What is women education and work like in Japan?

  More women in Japan are staying in Education for longer and prioritise this over starting a family

  - Japanese employers are still very "anti-mum", not providing maternity leave. This encourages women to stay in work as they fear having children will interrupt their career.

  - Contributing to an aging population
• Are children expensive in Japan?

  - In Japan, children are economic burdens, not assets

  - They cost on average 150000 from 0-18

  - This is often seen as unaffordable, putting couples off from having children

  - Contributing to an aging population as the birth rate is so low
• How has healthcare in Japan contributed to an ageing population?

  - Improvements in healthcare mean that old people in Japan are living longer

  - The average life expectancy in Japan is 84
• What social issues has Japan encountered as a result of its ageing population?

  - 15000 unregistered abusive care homes

  - 4-2-1 ration

  - Political sidelining of the younger generation
• When was the One Child Policy in China introduced?

  - 1979
• How many people did the 1959 to 1961 famine kill?


  - 20-45 million

  - Result of the failed Great Leap Forward
• What was the On Child Policy's slogan?

  - Late, Sparse, and few"
• How was the One Child Policy enforced?

  - Fined around 580 dollars for second children

  - Forced abortions and sterilisation

  - Incentives such as better pay, better education, more holiday for those with one child

  - Certificate of honour for single children parents"
• What were the positive impacts of the one Child policy?

  - prevented 400m births

  - Birth rate fell from 45/1000 to 14/1000

  - Less of a strain on resources
• Were there any exceptions to the one child policy?

  - Ethnic minorities were exempt
• What were the negatives of the one child policy?

  - 30% over 50

  - 35616 forced abortions

  - Little Empress Syndrome

  - 4-2-1 ratio

  - Overcrowded orphanages with 90% of children being girls

  - Gender imbalance, 36 million more men than women

  - Birth tourism

  Increase in female infanticide