AGRI 21 3rd Theoretical Exam

• Feed is any material or processed to be fed to livestock and poultry to sustain life
• Feed affects farm productivity and farm profitability. It accounts for as much as 80% of the total farm expenses.
• A good knowledge of feeds influences the success or failure of the livestock and poultry farm
• The goal of knowing feed is to give you a insights about when and how to use different feeds sustainable for different species and classes of farm animals
• Feedstuff is another term can be used interchangeably with feeds
• Basic Function of Feeds

  To provide nutrients for:

  • Energy production
  • Regulation of body processes and formation of body-produced regulators
  • Building and maintenance of body structure
• Classification of Feeds

  • Roughage
  • Concentrates
  • Feed Supplements
  • Feed Additives
• Roughage - contains more than 18% crude fiber but low in energy content (<60% TDN)
• Crude fiber are insoluble carbohydrates fraction. Example of this are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
• Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) is the relative energy value of the feed
• Formula for TDN:

  TDN=digestible protein + digestible fiber + (digestible fat x 2.25) +digestible nitrogen free extract
• Grass is a type of roughage that belongs to Poacaea family. Commonly have 6-10 crude protein and <0.9% calcium content
• Legumes and other forage are also type of roughage that contains >10.5 crude protein and >0.9 calcium content
• Guinea grass has presence of trichomes in nodes
• Para grass (Bachiaria mutica) - has a presence of trichomes in whole culm
• Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) - rough leaves with no trichomes in culm
• Star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) - has a presence of roots at nodes
• Alabang X has a presence of trichomes at nodes
• Example of Legumes:

  • Madre de cacao (Gliricidia sepium)
  • Ipil-ipil
  • Centrosema
  • Moringa
• Example of other forages:

  • Madre de agua (Trichanthera gigantea)
  • Mulberry
• Trichomes - hair-like structures that cover the surface of the leaf.
• Hay - forage harvested during the growing period and dried for later use
• Crop residue - are crop by-products left in the field after harvesting of the major crop. Example of this are rice straw and corn stover
• Silage are fermented forage stored in anaerobic condition in silo
• Soilage - fresh herbage cut and chopped in the field and offered to animals in confinement
• Concentrates are feeds that are high in energy content (>60%TDN) but low in fiber ranging from <18% crude fiber
• Example of concentrates are Energy feeds and Protein feeds
• Energy feeds contains medium to high energy but has less than 18% crude protein. Example of this are cereal grains, milling by-products and processed tubers.
• Ground corn - is the entire corn kernel either ground or chopped
• Wheat grain or Feed wheat refers to the entire wheat kernel including its hulls
• Sorghum grains includes hegari, kafir, milo grains
• Rice bran is composed of pericarp or bran layer of rice and germ which are removed from rice grains
• Cassava meal is also known as tapioca or manioc. A fresh tubers contain anti-nutritional factor called hydrocyanic acid (HCN) or prussic acid
• Protein feeds are type of concentrates having greater than 20% crude proteins or higher
• Animal protein feeds are by-products from meat packaging, dairy processing and marine industries
• Tankage and meat meal - scraps froms inedible parts, and organs of meat. Example of this is pork meal
• Fishmeal - obtained from ground tissue of undecomposed whole fish or fish cutting with or without the extraction of oil
• Plant protein feeds - end products of oil extraction of group of seeds
• Soybean meal is an example of plant protein meal that obtain by grinding the cake or flakes of soybean after the extraction of oil
• Full-fat soybean meal obtained by extrusion of whole soybean seeds without the removal of any of its components