UCSP

• Socialization agents


  Social groups and social institutions that provide the first experiences of socialization
• Socialization agents


  • Families
  • Early education
  • Peer groups
  • The workplace
  • Religion
  • Government
  • Media
• Group


  Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis
• Types of groups


  • Primary group
  • Secondary group
  • In-group
  • Out-group
  • Reference group
• Primary group


  • Characterized by close-knit cooperation and association between members
  • Perform an expressive, i.e. emotional, function
  • Socialization and formation of roles and statuses depend heavily on primary groups
• Primary group


  • Family
• Secondary group


  • Formal, impersonal group with little social connection or understanding among its members
  • Serve an instrumental, goal-oriented function
• Secondary group


  • Classrooms
  • Offices
• In-group


  Any group or category that people believe they belong to
• Out-group


  A group or category to which people believe they do not belong
• In-groups


  • Marked by a sense of importance and superiority from those who are not a part of the group
  • Members feel their behaviors, values, attitudes, etc. are better than and unsuitable for the out-group
• In-groups and out-groups


  • Sports teams
  • Unions
  • Sororities
• Reference group


  Any group people view as a benchmark for assessing themselves and their behavior
• Reference groups


  • Establish and enforce morals, norms, and codes of conduct
  • Serve as a baseline by which individuals can judge each another
• Reference group


  • Peer groups
• Identity formation


  Successful formation of a positive group identity often grows from interconnected relationships and exposure to individuals with shared lived experience as members of a marginalized group
• Values


  The basic beliefs that guide the actions of individuals
• Norms


  The expectations that society has for people's behavior
• Types of status

  • Achieved status
  • Ascribed status
• Achieved status


  A position that is earned or chosen and reflects a person's skills, abilities, and efforts
• Ascribed status


  A status that is beyond an individual's control, not earned but rather something people are either born with or had no control over
• Ascribed status


  • Sex
  • Race
  • Age
• Social network


  A series of social connections that links one person directly to another and, subsequently, to yet more people through them
• Social networking


  The act of interacting with people and organizations and sharing information online
• The emergence of the Internet and its various online social networks has altered the nature of our connections with each other, dramatically extending our quantity and quality of contacts and giving us access to a wealth of information, knowledge, and resources
• Kinship


  The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in a group
• Types of kin


  • Consanguineal kin
  • Affinal kin
• Consanguineal kin


  People who are biologically related to one another, such as brothers and sisters or parents and their children
• Affinal kin


  People who are related to you by virtue of marriage bond, such as husband and wife or parents in law
• Types of marriage


  • Monogamy
  • Polygamy
  • Polygyny
  • Polyandry
• Monogamy


  A form of marriage in which one man marries one woman
• Polygamy


  A form of marriage in which one is entitled to marry many partners
• Polygyny


  A form of marriage in which one man marries more than one woman at a given time
• Polyandry


  The marriage of one woman to more than one man
• Endogamy


  A rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to be selected within the group
• Exogamy


  A rule of marriage in which an individual has to marry outside his own group
• Types of family based on marriage

  • Polygamous or Polygynous family
  • Polyandrous family
  • Monogamous family
• Types of family based on size or structure

  • Nuclear family
  • Matrilocal family
  • Extended family
• Types of family based on nature of relations

  • Conjugal family
  • Consanguine family
• Functionalist point of view on religion


  Emphasizes the function of religion in encouraging social cohesion and social control to maintain social solidarity