III

• Population


  Entire group that you want to draw conclusions about
• Sample


  Specific group that you will collect data from
• Probability sampling


  • Every member of the population has the chance to be selected
• Probability sampling methods


  • Simple random sampling
  • Systematic sampling
  • Stratified sampling
  • Clustered
• Simple random sampling


  Also called fishbowl
• Systematic sampling


  Researchers select members of the population at a regular interval (e.g. every 7th member)
• Stratified sampling

  Involves the division of a population into smaller subgroups known as strata
• Clustered


  Divide a population into clusters, such as districts or schools, and then randomly select some of these clusters as your sample
• Non-probability sampling


  • Subjective, not every member has the chance to be selected
• Non-probability sampling methods


  • Convenience sampling
  • Quota sampling
  • Purposive sampling
  • Snowball sampling
  • Universal sampling
• Convenience sampling


  Also known as accidental, opportunity/grab sampling. Based on availability of members
• Purposive sampling

  Based on the goal of the study
• Snowball sampling


  Recruit other members
• Universal sampling


  Also known as total enumeration. If population is equal to or less than 100
• Data collection


  Collecting, analyzing and measuring accurate insights
• Research instrument


  Used to collect, measure and analyze data
• Research instruments


  • Questionnaire
  • Physiological measures
  • Psychological tests
• Questionnaire


  Most commonly used in research
• Questionnaire types


  • Structured
  • Unstructured
• Structured questionnaire


  Provide possible answers
• Unstructured questionnaire


  Does not provide options
• Physiological measures


  Set of instruments that convey precise information about an individual's bodily functions, such as heart rate
• Psychological tests


  Standardized measures of a particular psychological variable such as personality, intelligence, or emotional functioning
• Types of questions


  • Yes or No
  • Recognition
  • Completion
  • Coding
  • Combination
  • Subjective
• Likert scale


  Designed to measure people's opinions and attitudes
• Semantic differential scale


  Used to ask people to rate products
• Number of pages


  • Maximum: 4 pages
  • Minimum: 2 pages
• Time duration


  10 minutes maximum
• Maximum words per question

  20 words
• Major parts of a survey questionnaire


  • General instructions
  • Personal information
  • Body
• Adapted


  Altered and changed
• Slovin's formula is used to determine the number of respondents
• Citation styles


  • APA (American Psychological Association)
  • MLA (Modern Language Association)
• RRL


  Man's written or spoken knowledge
• Structure of RRL


  • Introduction
  • Headings and subheadings
  • Summary or conclusion
• Process of writing RRL

  • Collecting sources
  • Analyze and evaluate
  • Arrange or make an output
  • Summarize and write
• Tips for writing RRL


  • Transitional devices
  • Active verbs
• Parts of a citation

  • Acknowledgement
  • References
  • Citation or in-text citation
• Integral citation


  Referring to the author whose ideas appear in your work
• Non-integral citation


  Downplays any strength of the writers