Theories of Personality Quiz 3

• Melanie Klein introduced Object Relations Theory
• Klein was born at 1882 in Vienna
• Klein has three children, Hans, Erich and a distant relationship with eldest Melitta
• Klein started her career in Psychoanalysis when they moved to Budapest
• After reading Freud's On Dreams, she raised her Erich using Freudian principles
• Sandor Ferenczi, introduced Klein to Psychoanalysis (1909)
• During the 1920, Klein revolutionized children psychology
• Objects Relation Theory puts emphasis on the infant’s drives (hunger, sex etc.) and that these drives are directed to an object such as a breast, vagina, penis etc.
• Phantasies are psychic representations of unconscious Id instinct
• Object forces us to do something to relieve tension
• The earliest objects relations are with the mother's breast
• Klein has positions rather than stages of development
• The first 3 to 4 months of life is called the Paranoid-Schizoid position in which the ego’s perception of the external world is subjective and fantastic
• The first 5 to 6 months of life is called the Depressive position which is accompanied by feelings of anxiety for losing an object or guilt for wanting to destroy it
• In 1927, Klein took permanent residency in England and developed her rivalry with Anne Freud
• There is Ego Maturity when an infant realizes it lacks the capacity to protect the mother, and experiences guilt for its previous destructive urges
• In 1927, Klein was rejected by the Freuds, and she established the Kleinian School
• Persecutory feelings are paranoid - not based on any real or immediate danger
• Psychic Defensive Mechanisms  are used to protect their ego against the anxiety aroused by their own destructive urges
• Introjection begins with the first feeding when there is an attempt to incorporate the mother’s breast into the body
• Splitting happens when the infant keeps the conflicting feelings apart and focuses on just one of them
• Projection alleviate the unbearable anxiety of being destroyed by dangerous internal forces by attributing own feelings into another person
• Projective Identification split unacceptable parts of themselves, project to another object, and finally introject them back into themselves in a changed form
• There are 4 Psychic Defensive Mechanisms, (1) Introjection (2) Splitting (3) Projection (4) Projective Identification
• Ego is one's sense of self which is strong enough to feel anxiety, use defense mechanism, and form object relations in both fantasy and reality
• Superego emerges much earlier in life, and does not produce guilt but terror
• Compared to Freud, Klein's Oedipal Complex talks about positive feelings toward both parents during the oedipal years (not mother only)
• There is two types of Oedipal Complex, (1) Female Oedipal Development (2) Male Oedipal Development
• Klein believes that people are born with two strong drives - life and death
• Klein proposed therapeutic treatment for disturbed children
• Klein proposed prophylactic analysis for healthy children
• Klein's Psychotherapy aim to reduce depressive anxieties and persecutory fears and to mitigate the harshness of internalized objects
• Theorist Margaret Mahler focuses on Security to Autonomy
• Separation Anxiety was coined and studied by John Bowlby
• According to Heinz Kohut, infants are self-centered
• Mary Ainsworth focused on measuring the type of attachment style
• Horneyian Theory assumes that social, and cultural conditions, especially childhood experiences are largely responsible in shaping personality
• There are 3 Neurotic Trends, (1) Moving Towards (2) Moving Against (3) Moving Away
• Under Self-Image, there is (1) Neurotic Search for Glory (2) Neurotic Claims (3) Neurotic Pride
• Under Self-Hatred, there is (1) Self Contempt (2) Alienation from Self