Memory

• Procedural memory


  a part of the implicit long-term memory responsible for knowing how to do things, i.e. memory of motor skills.
• semantic memory


  part of the long-term memory responsible for storing information about the world. This includes knowledge about the meaning of words, as well as general knowledge.

  For example, London is the capital of England
• epsodic memory


  part of the long-term memory responsible for storing information about events (i.e. episodes) that we have experienced in our lives.
• WMM : Central executive


  supervisory function and acts as a filter, determining which information is attended to. It can process information in all sensory forms, directs information to other slave systems and collects responses.
• WMM: Phonological loop


  temporary storage system for holding auditory information in a speech based form. It has two parts: (1) the phonological store (inner ear), which stores words you hear; and (2) the articulatory process (inner voice)
• WWM: Visuospatial sketchpad


  temporary memory system for holding visual and spatial information. It has two parts: (1) the visual cache (which store visual data about form and colour), and (2) the inner scribe (which records the arrangement of objects in the visual field, and rehearses and transfers information in the visual cache to the central executive).
• WWM: Episodic buffer


  acts as a 'backup' (temporary) store for information which communicates with both long term memory and the slave system components of working memory. One of its important functions is to recall material from LTM and integrate it into STM when working memory requires it.
• capacity of short term memory

  7 +/- 2 (Miller)
• duration of short term memory

  less than 18 seconds (Peterson and Peterson)
• duration of long term memory

  unlimited (Bahrick et al)
• long term memory coding

  semantic (Baddeley)
• short term memory coding

  acoustically (Baddeley)
• The multi store model

  A representation of how memory works in terms of three stores called sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory.

  
• the working memory model

  Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

  
• proactive interference


  Past learning interferes with current attempts to learn something
• retroactive interference


  current attempts to learn something interfere with past learning
• retrieval failure


  Occurs due to the absence of cues. An explanation for forgetting based on the idea that the issue relates to being able to retrieve a memory that is there (available) but not accessible. Retrieval depends on using cues.
• Context dependent Forgetting


  failure to retrieve information from LTM due to the absence of appropriate contextual cues of the environment
• state dependent forgetting


  related to changes in context associated with internal cues of physical and mental state
• leading questions effect on eyewitness testimony

  Loftus and Palmer

  verb used when describing the crash impacted the participants estimate of speed and those who thought the speed was faster were more likely to reply yes to 'did you see the broken glass
• anxiety having a negative effect on eyewitness testimony

  Johnson and Scott

  Weapon focus effect. worse recall when there was a knife compared to when there was a pen
• anxiety having a positive effect on eyewitness testimony

  Christianson and Hubinette

  58 real witnesses to bank robberies in Sweden. Witnesses in the most anxiety provoking position had best recall
• Yerkes-Dodson effect


  arousal has a negative effect on recall if it is too high or too low, but moderate levels are beneficial to recall.

  
• 4 aspects of cognitive interview


  mental reinstatement of original context

  report everything

  change order

  change perspective