Science

• Biomolecules


  Any molecules that are produced by a living organism, including large macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids
• Molecules


  Two or more atoms
• Molecules of life

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
• Food is the source of these molecules or large molecules needed for life
• Four main types of Biomolecules


  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
• Carbohydrates


  Sugars, most common molecule, primary energy source of our body, formula (CH2O)n where n is the number of molecules, building block/monomer: monosaccharides
• Elements in carbohydrates


  • C
  • H
  • O
• Classification of carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides


  Simple sugars (C6H12O6), examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
• Disaccharides


  Double sugars (C12H22O11), examples: maltose, lactose, sucrose
• Polysaccharides


  Complex sugars (C6H10O5)n where n is the number of carbon atoms, examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
• Starch


  • Used for energy storage in plants, provides a quick form of energy for the body
• Glycogen


  • Used for energy storage in animals, when the body doesn't need glucose for energy, it stores it in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen
• Cellulose


  • Found in plants, in cell walls and bark of trees, gives us fiber
• Chitin


  • Forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crustaceans
• Iodine Test for Starch


  Test used to determine the presence of starch in materials, a positive result is a color change ranging from violet to black, a negative result is the yellow color (no change) of the iodine solution
• Benedict's Test


  Test used for simple carbohydrates, green: 0.1 to .5% sugar, yellow: .5 to 1% sugar, orange: 1 to 1.5% sugar, red: 1.5 to 2% sugar, brick red: more than 2% sugar
• Proteins


  Body-building molecules which help us grow, transport molecules in and out of the cell, control the speed of chemical reactions, used for growth and repair, building blocks: amino acids, general formula: RCH(NH2)COOH where R is a side chain
• Elements in proteins

  • C
  • H
  • O
  • N
• Proteins


  • Albumin (egg white), Hemoglobin (in our blood), Enzymes
• Biuret Test


  A chemical test used to determine the presence of a peptide bond (chemical bond between amino acids) in a substance, yields a positive result if the reagent changes from blue to purple
• Nucleic Acids


  Biomolecular components of hereditary materials and are present in DNA, building blocks: nucleotides
• Elements in nucleic acids


  • C
  • H
  • O
  • N
  • P
• Lipids


  Energy-giving molecules, commonly referred as the stored-energy molecules, they store more energy than carbohydrates and proteins, building block: fatty acids, general formula: CH3(CH2)nCOOH, provide mechanical protection for the internal organs of the body and serve as waterproof covering in some plants and animals, examples: steroids, cholesterol, fats, oils, nuts, waxes, they are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water
• Types of lipids


  • Saturated
  • Unsaturated
• Ethanol Emulsion Test


  Test for lipids, if a layer of cloudy white suspension forms above the solution, lipids are present, if the substance remains colorless and no emulsion is formed, lipids are not present
• Three States of Matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Properties of Gases


  • Pressure (P)
  • Volume (V)
  • Temperature (T)
  • Amount (N)

  
• Gas pressure


  Force acting on a specific area
• Pressure (P)


  • The force by gas against the walls of containers
  • Units: atmosphere (atm), mm Hg, torr, pascal
• Volume (V)


  • The space occupied by the gas
  • Units: liter (L), milliliter (mL)
• Temperature (T)


  • Determines the kinetic energy and rate of motion of the gas particles
  • Units: Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K)

  
• Amount (n)


  • The quantity of gas present in a container
  • Units: grams (g), moles (n)
• 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr
• 1 atm = 101.325 kPa
• 1 L = 1000 mL
• 1 mL = 1 cm^3
• Temperature


  Measure of the warmth or coldness of a body, measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object

  
• Mole


  6.022 x 10^23 units of substance, same mass different amounts of substance, different mass same amount of substance
• Boyle's Law


  Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume at constant temperature, when volume increases pressure decreases, when volume decreases pressure increases