Science (4th Quarter Exam Reviewer)

• Globe- model of the Earth
• Hemisphere- half of the sphere
• What are the 4 hemispheres of the Earth?

  Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere, Western Hemisphere, Eastern Hemisphere
• What are horizontal lines on a globe/map called?


  Latitude
• What are vertical lines on a globe/map called?


  Longitude
• Latitude- imaginary lines that circle the Earth and are parallel to the equator. It tells us whether a place is located in the northern/southern hemisphere or how far north/south from the equator is
• What are the 5 major latitudes?

  Arctic Circle, Tropic of Cancer, Equator, Tropic of Capricorn, and Antarctic Circle
• Polar Regions- areas near the North Pole and South Pole
• Tropics- regions between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn
• Longitudes- are vertical lines that indicate how far East/West of the Prime Meridian a place is.
• What are the 2 major longitudes?


  Prime Meridian and International Date Line
• An Archipelago is a sea with many islands/a group of islands
• Where does the word Archipelago come from?

  Greek expressions archi (chief) and palagos (sea)
• What are the major landforms?

  Mountains, Mountain Ranges, Hills, Volcanoes, Valleys, Plateaus, Cliffs, Plains, Marsh, and Cays
• What are the major water forms?

  Oceans, Seas, Rivers, Lakes
• Mountains- large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level. (Ex. Mt. Apo & Mt. Kalatungan)
• Mountain Ranges- a series of mountains, elevated surface features that may be thousands of kilometers long hundreds of kms wide. (ex. Sierra Madre)
• What are 2 representations of the Earth?

  Globes and Maps
• Latitudes and Longitudes- create an imaginary grid
• What are the 2 types of trend direction?

  Quadrant & Azimuthal notation
• Azimuthal Notation- a trend direction as determined by an angle 0 –360 degrees with North at 0º (or 360º), East at 90º,South as 180º and West as 270º
• Quadrant Notation- rend direction as determined by an angle, < = 90º relative to a North or South compass direction.
• Continent- major land mass on Earth
• What are the 7 Continents?

  Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, Antarctica (Scientists & Geographers recognize Europe and Asia as one known as Eurasia)
• Ocean- largest body of water on earth, 70% of earth's surface is covered by it
• What are the 5 Oceans?


  Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Antarctic Ocean, Arctic Ocean
• What are the 3 geographic areas of the Philippines?


  Luzon, Visayas, & Mindanao
• Volcanoes- formed around a weak area of the earth's crust through which molten rock from beneath reaches the surface
• Lava- hot molten rock
• Tephra- airborne matter from volcanic eruption (Ex. Bombs, Blocks, Ash, Lapilli)
• What are the 3 shapes of a Volcano

  A) Conical

  B) Cinder

  C) Shield

  
• Hill- highland which is less massive than a mountain
• Valley- flat land between mountains
• Plateau- flat land located in high level areas
• Cliff- stiff high side
• Plain- flat broad area
• Swamp/Marsh- wetland saturated with water
• Cay- coral reef/sand bank which may become bigger & develop into an island
• Sea- large body of salt water that may be connected to an ocean
• Lake- still body of freshwater completely surrounded by land