D.I.S.S.(2ND WHOLE MODULE PSYCHOANALYSIS)

• Psychoanalysis 


  is a method of investigating and treating personality disorders. This theory suggests that things that happen to people during childhood can contribute to the way they later function es adults, it is stored at unconscious/subconscious level, and it plays vital role in how we perceive things, and our thought process. Freud theorized three levels of consciousness and three components of personality structure. These are systems, not parts of the brain, or in any way physical. Three levels of Consciousness: conscious mind, preconscious mind, unconscious mind.
• Conscious mind is merely a tip visible above the surface, whereas the bulk of the important working of the mind lurks mysteriously below the surface. It contains thoughts, feelings, and images about which you are presently aware. 
• Preconscious mind is just below the conscious mind which consists of memories that are not presently conscious but can be easily brought to consciousness and can be returned to consciousness when needed.
• The Three Components of Personality Structure: Id, Ego, Superego
• Unconscious mind down the consciousness stores primitive instinctual motives plus memories and emotions that are so threatening to the conscious mind that they have been push to unconscious mind through the process of repression. This is the largest part of the human mind.
• Id is an impulsive part of the psyche that operates on the pleasure principle. The id seeks immediate gratification without regard for consequences. It has no sense of time, morality, or social norms. Its desires are unlimited and insatiable; its pleasures are immediate and intense. It is the source of all human drives and instinctual urges. It is also known as the “it” or “the primal self.”
• Superego is the moralistic part of the psyche that develops from identification with parents and other authority figures. It represents society's values and standards. It acts as a conscience and judges one's actions based on these values. It is also called the "ideal ego".
• Rational Choice Theory (RCT) also known as Choice Theory or Rational Action Theory is a powerful tool in making sense why people act or behave in the way they do. According to Elster 1989, the essence of rational theory is that "when faced with several courses of action, people usually do what they believe is likely to have the best overall outcome (Ward 2002) 
• Institutions are social, political, economic, and cultural structures, customs, practices, and mechanisms of social cooperation, order and governance that determine the rules of games that govern the behavior of individuals. Institutions are manifest in both formal organizations and informal social order and organization The institutional approach can be understood as a subject matter, as a method and as a theory
• The institutional approach is also historical comparative. Institution can be understood and appreciated only by those who know other system of government. By the use of comparative. method, a general clarification of views may be obtained 
• Normative institutionalism 


  influences actor's behavior by shaping their values, norms, interest and beliefs, hence normative institutionalism refers to a concern with norms and values
• Historical institutionalism 


  For historical institutionalism, the actors are both determined by and are products of history Recognizes that institutions operate in an environment consisting of other institutions, called institutional environment
• Rational choice institutionalism 


  is an approach which individuals select strategies for the pursuit of preferences. It explains behavior of individuals by emphasizing how institutions are able to create situations in which rational choice/collective action paradoxes are resolved.
• Sociological institution 


  Sociological Institutionalists hold that behavior can be explained by reference institutions whose form and structure are importantly influenced by culture
• Feminism theory


  aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. It examines women's and men's social roles, experiences, interests, chores, and feminist politics in a variety of fields. Unlike the other dominant approaches in the social sciences, feminism did not evolve out of any of the sub- fields in the discipline of the social sciences, Feminism originated outside academia as the ideology of critical and disruptive social movement.
• Liberal feminism 


  is an individualistic form of feminist theory, which focuses on women's ability to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices. Liberal feminists argue that society holds the false belief that women are, by nature, less intellectually and physically capable than men, thus it tends to discriminate against women in the academy, the forum, and the marketplace.
• Marxism feminism 


  refers to a particular feminiet theory focusing on the ways in which women are oppressed through capitalist economic practices and the system of private property. According to this theory, women are exploited in the home and in the workplace because much of their labor is uncompensated The gendered division of labor is one of the most important issues in Marxist Feminism 
• Radical feminism 


  view society as fundamentally a patriarchy (patriarchy a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family) in which men dominate and oppress women. Radical feminists seek to abolish the patriarchy in order to" "liberate everyone from an unjust society by challenging existing social norms and institutions. This Includes opposing the sexual objectification (Sexual objectification is the act of treating a person solely as an object of sexual desire.
• Working to increase equality: Feminist thought links ideas to action, insisting we should push for change toward gender equality and not just talk about it. 
• Expanding human choice: Feminists believe that both men and women should have the freedom to develop their human interests and talents, even if those interests and talents conflict with the status quo. For example, if a woman wants to be a mechanic, she should have the right and opportunity to do so 
• Eliminating gender stratification: Feminists oppose laws and cultural norms that limit 3. educational and job opportunities for women. 
• Ending sexual violence & promoting sexual freedom have control over their sexuality and reproduction. Feminists feel that women should 
• HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY


  is a particular type of phenomenology among a range of phenomenological methodologies (Descriptive and Interpretative is a classification of phenomenological methodologies) Descriptive phenomenology was developed by Edmund Husserl and interpretive of thermeneutic phenomenology by Martin Heidegger. 
• Martin Heidegger


  as developed the HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY
• Description is the aim of PHENOMENOLOGY
• Reduction is a process that involves suspending or bracketing the phenomena so that things themselves can be returned to
• Essence is the core meaning of an individual's experience that makes it what is it Intentionality refers to consciousness since individuals are always conscious to something. This means intentionality is the total meaning of the object of the idea which is always more than what is given in the perception of a single perspective
• phenomenology focuses on people's perceptions of the world or the perception of the things in their appearing
• Human environment system


  refers to the interaction of human system with corresponding environmental or technological system It is a system that is both complex and adaptive Systems which combine both human and natural components to show complex interactions, and feedback between them
• Human-environment system, also referred to as the "Coupled Human Environment System or CHANS acknowledge the fact that humans, as users, actors, and managers are not external, but integral elements of the human environment system. They become the duty bearer themselves who must share the responsibility for the sustainability of the human environment system  
• Environmental change


  caused by a perturbation to the landscape system as a result of internal or external natural disturbance or human-induced disturbance Environmental change can either be puised or ramped.
• Environmental threshold

  efers to a point whereby the environmental changes from one phase or trajectory to another.
• Environmental determination 


  asserts that the natural environment dictates the course of culture. In this model, human society is restricted to a range of outcomes or even a single possible outcome by a particular set of environmental parameters.
• Possibilism 


  claims that although nature may circumscribe the possibilities for humans, historical and cultural factors explain what possibility is actually chosen. Franz Boas, its proponent, rejected the environment as a determinant of culture and instead sought an explanation for cultural differences in the particular cultural history of a society. 
• Cultural ecology 


  defined by its proponent, the American anthropologist Julian Steward, as the study of processes by which a society adapts to its environment. This approach to the study of Human-environment Systems introduced the concept of an integrated system within which cultural and environmental factors interact.
• Historical ecology


  This approach utilizes the notion of ecology as an attempt to understand the reciprocal relationship between people and environment and draws its understanding of these relationships from their mutual influences over time. Moreover, this approach maintains that landscapes can be understood historically as well as ecologically, with the landscape an artefact of human activity that can be used to understand the development of culture over time 
• DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, Response) Model-recognizes the human activities which place pressure on the Environment and how these pressures modify the current state of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. This leads to impacts on the environment as well as on social and economic systems. In tum, human society attempts to problem-solve in order to remove, reduce or prevent the drivers and pressures, restore the state of the environment and mitigate impacts. 
• Nature environment inputs


  This is a description of the specific characteristics of the atmosphere hydrosphere at biosphere in the area being studied, as well as the interactions that occur between them.
• Impact


  These are the biophysical processes involved in environmental change as well as other impacts on the environment, society.and economy. 
• Human actions and input 


  Thess are the key human actions that produce Environmental change and can be extended e to include the underlying attitudinal, demographic, social technological and political causes of the human actions