Science

• Digestive system


  Responsible for breaking down ingested food through mechanical and chemical processes
• Stomach


  Acts as a temporary storage organ for food and mixes it with digestive juices through muscular contractions
• Small intestine


  Responsible for the absorption of nutrients from digested food
• Pancreas


  Produces digestive enzymes to aid in the further breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates and fats
• Large intestine


  Primarily functions in the absorption of water and electrolytes from the remaining undigested material
• Liver


  Plays a vital role in the digestion of fats by producing bile, which is stored and released into the small intestine
• Mitosis

  1. Single cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells

  2. Involved in growth, development, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction
• Meiosis

  1. Two successive cell divisions resulting in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes

  2. Involved in the formation of gametes and sexual reproduction
• Mitosis vs Meiosis

  • Mitosis involves a single cell division, Meiosis involves two cell divisions
  • Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells, Meiosis produces genetically different daughter cells
• Stages of Mitosis

  Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Stages of Meiosis

  Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, Cytokinesis
• Allele


  Alternative forms or variants of a gene
• Dominant and recessive traits


  Dominant traits are expressed even with one copy, recessive traits are only expressed with two copies
• Hierarchical taxonomic levels


  Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• Energy flow in ecosystems


  • Sunlight is the primary source of energy
  • Energy flows one-way from producers to consumers
  • Cannot be recycled or reused once consumed
• Role of decomposers


  Break down dead organic matter and release nutrients back into the environment
• Photosynthesis


  Converts sunlight energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds
• Human interventions to enhance nutrient cycling


  Composting fallen leaves to recycle nutrients back into the soil
• Environmental impacts of deforestation


  • Loss of biodiversity and habitats
  • Increased greenhouse gas emissions
  • Soil erosion and degradation
• Actions to reduce carbon footprint


  • Using energy-efficient appliances
  • Opting for public transportation
  • Taking shorter showers
  • Fixing water leaks
• Species diversity


  • Variety of different species present in an ecosystem
  • High species richness indicates a healthy ecosystem
• Declining species diversity


  • Reduces ecosystem resilience and recovery capacity
  • Increases susceptibility to diseases, invasive species, and environmental changes
• DNA replication


  Occurs during the S phase of the cell division cycle, resulting in two identical copies of each chromosome
• Collaboration of digestive and circulatory systems


  Digestive system breaks down food into nutrients, circulatory system transports these nutrients to cells
• Nutrient absorption in the small intestine


  Specialized inner lining with microscopic projections (villi and microvilli) increases surface area for absorption
• Punnett squares


  Helpful tool for understanding inheritance patterns and predicting possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes
• Genotype vs Phenotype

  Genotype is the genetic makeup, Phenotype is the observable characteristics
• Recycling and waste management


  Reduces resource extraction, energy consumption, and environmental pollution
• Environmental education and awareness


  Promotes informed decision-making, responsible behaviors, and conservation efforts
• Digestive system


  Responsible for breaking down ingested food into smaller molecules through mechanical and chemical processes. These smaller molecules are then absorbed by the body for energy and nutrient utilization.
• Stomach


  Acts as a temporary storage organ for food and mixes it with digestive juices through muscular contractions. This process, known as churning, helps break down the food meal and mixes with gastric juices to initiate digestion.
• Small intestine


  Responsible for the absorption of nutrients from digested food.
• Pancreas


  Produces and releases digestive enzymes, such as proteases, amylases, and lipases, into the small intestine to aid in the further breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
• Large intestine (colon)


  Primarily functions in the absorption of water and electrolytes from the remaining undigested material. It also aids in the formation of feces by consolidating and compacting waste products.
• Liver


  Plays a vital role in the digestion of fats by producing bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine. Bile helps emulsify fats, increasing their surface area for efficient digestion and absorption.
• Mitosis


  A single cell division resulting in the formation of two identical daughter cells. It is involved in growth, development, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction.
• Meiosis


  A process of cell division that occurs in specialized cells called germ cells. It involves two rounds of cell division and results in the formation of gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• Mitosis vs Meiosis

  Mitosis involves a single cell division and results in two genetically identical daughter cells. Meiosis involves two successive cell divisions, resulting in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. These daughter cells are genetically different from each other.
• Role of Mitosis and Meiosis


  Mitosis plays a role in growth, tissue repair, and sexual reproduction, allowing for the production of genetically identical cells. Meiosis is involved in the formation of gametes and is crucial for sexual reproduction, introducing genetic variation.
• Stages of Mitosis


  Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase