Session 7

• Surrender of Germany


  In the dying days of the war the German navy, which had not seen action since Jutland in 1916, was ordered out to sea. The sailors, sensing that the war would soon be over, mutinied and refused to set sail. Protests became increasingly common in Germany as people called for an end to the war.
• German generals and politicians


  Felt that a peace deal with the Allies was the only hope of saving Germany. There was just one obstacle in their way – the Kaiser. After a series of negotiations and threats, Kaiser Wilhelm II agreed to abdicate on 9 November 1918.
• The Armistice

  In January 1918 Woodrow Wilson, US President, had issued his Fourteen Points on what he believed should happen to avoid future conflicts. Wilson was a big believer in fairness for all – winners and losers. With the situation in Germany growing more and more worse, by November 1918 the Germans were keen to strike a deal with the Allies. Germany wanted a peace deal based on Wilson's principles of fairness as shown in his Fourteen Points.
• Gallipoli


  Location in Turkey
• Why Gallipoli


  To stop supplies to Russia, divert Germans from the Western Front
• Churchill's naval attack on Gallipoli


  March 18th
• Dardanelles were mined
• Land invasion was not enough
• Gallipoli campaign


  • British, French, ANZAC troops landed on Gallipoli peninsula
  • Turks had snipers and machine guns
  • Troops struggled with heat, supplies, disease, dehydration, rotting bodies
• Gallipoli campaign ended with retreat


  December 1913
• Bolsheviks


  Ruled Russia from 1917
• Russian revolutions


  1. February 1917 - first revolution, provisional government took over

  2. October 1917 - second revolution, Bolsheviks took charge and wanted to end the war
• Germany lost the war


  • America joined the war in April 1917 (made impact in 1918)
  • Zimmerman telegram, U-boat failure
  • Failure of Schlieffen plan, fighting on two fronts
  • British blockade of German ports, starvation
  • Failure of Ludendorff Spring Offensive
  • Germany's allies collapsed (Italy 1915, Austria-Hungary 1918)
  • Success of the 100 days offensive
  • Russian revolution inspired revolution in Germany
  • Kaiser abdicated