Biology 1

• Plant cell:

  A) Chloroplast

  B) Nucleus

  C) Mitochondria

  D) Cell wall

  E) Cell membrane

  F) Vacuole

  G) Cytoplasm

  H) Ribsome

  
• Animal Cell:

  A) Ribsome

  B) Cell membrane

  C) Nucleus

  D) Cytoplasm

  E) Mitochondria

  
• Microscope:

  A) Eyepiece

  B) Objective lenses

  C) Stage clip

  D) Condenser

  E) Mirror

  F) Stage

  G) Arm

  H) Fine focus

  I) Coarse focus

  
• • light microscopes are used to study living cells and for regular use when relatively low magnification and resolution is enough
• • electron microscopes provide higher magnifications and higher resolution images but cannot be used to view living cells
• Osmosis 


  Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules, from a region where the water molecules are in higher concentration, to a region where they are in lower concentration, through a partially permeable membrane.
• Diffusion


  Diffusion is the random movement of a substance from a region of high concentration close concentration. The measure of the amount of a substance
• Mitosis


  the stage during which the cell divides its replicated DNA and organelles equally between two daughter cells.
• Cells -> Tissue -> Organs -> Organ System
• Artery


  Thick walls, thin lumen
• Capillaries


  One cell thick, diffusion
• Veins


  Thin walls, valves
• Cancer is cells dividing uncontrollably
• Benign tumours:


  Slow, harmless, e.g. warts or moles
• Malignant tumours:


  Fast, aggressive and mobile
• Xylem


  From the roots to the leaves, carries water
• Phloem


  From the leaves to the roots, carries food and ions
• Leaf:

  A) Upper epidermis

  B) Palisade mesophyll

  C) Xylem

  D) Vein

  E) Phloem

  F) Waxy cuticle

  G) Air space

  H) Spongy mesophyll

  I) Lower epidermis

  J) Waxy cuticle

  K) Guard cell

  
• Heart:

  A) Vena cava

  B) Aorta

  C) Pulmonary artery

  D) Pulmonary vein

  E) Vena cava

  F) Left atrium

  G) Right atrium

  H) Right ventricle

  I) Left ventricle

  
• Pathogen:


  a microorganism that causes a disease, e.g virus, fungi, bacteria
• Vaccinations contain a small amount of dead or inactive pathogens to allow the immune system to develop antibodies
• New drugs need to be tested for:


  Toxicity= how much can be taken in before side effects are too bad Efficiency= how effective it works compared to the market Dose= how much you need to take
• Salmonella -> bacteria Tobacco mosaic virus -> virus Rose black spot -> fungi Malaria -> parasite Measles -> virus
• Photosynthesis:


  Water + Carbon dioxide = Oxygen + Glucose
• Photosynthesis: 


  6H2O + 6CO2 = 6O2 + C6H12O6
• Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction meaning it takes in energy
• Respiration:


  Glucose + Oxygen = Water + Carbon dioxide
• Respiration is an exothermic reaction meaning energy is given out
• Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and can take place within the cell or without oxygen.
• Metabolism:


  Rate chemical reactions take place in your body
• Photosynthesis requires:

  • Chlorophyll
  • Sunlight
  • Water
  • Carbon dioxide
• Partially permeable membrane


  A type of barrier that only allows certain particles, like water molecules, to pass through.
• • Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi and protists (single-celled organisms that don’t fit other categories).
  • A eukaryotic cell is 10 - 100 micrometres in size.
  • A eukaryote is an organism made up of eukaryotic cells.
• • Prokaryotic cells are 0.1 - 5.0 micrometres in size.
  • A prokaryote is an organism made up of prokaryotic cells.
  • Bacteria are prokaryotes
• • Prokaryotic cells may have one or more small rings of DNA, which are called plasmids.
  • These plasmids can replicate (have copies made) and move between cells so that genetic information can be shared
• Prokaryotic cells do NOT contain mitochondria (where respiration takes place) or chloroplasts (where photosynthesis takes place)
• The cell membrane separates the interior (inside) of the cell from the environment outside
• Ribosomes are responsible for synthesising (making) proteins
• Mitochondria is where aerobic respiration takes place
• • Cytoplasm is a jelly-like fluid that fills the cell.
  • It is where most of the cell’s chemical reactions take place