Defending the GDR 1949-61

Cards (29)

  • Why was the Berlin Wall built?
    Due to internal and external developments
  • What was the immediate cause of the wall's construction?
    Mass emigration from the GDR
  • What factors contributed to the dissatisfaction of GDR citizens?
    Poor performance compared to the FRG
  • What role did the open border in Berlin play in emigration?
    It allowed citizens to leave easily
  • When did emigration from the GDR stop?
    On 13th August 1961
  • Who were the primary emigrants from the GDR?
    Young and well-educated individuals
  • What percentage of doctors left the GDR?
    ¼ of doctors
  • What were some reasons for emigration from the GDR?
    Better life, prosperity, and family visits
  • What were some push factors for emigration from the GDR?
    Unrealistic targets and bureaucratic inefficiencies
  • What impact did emigration have on the GDR?
    Shortage of skilled personnel
  • How many people moved from the GDR to the FRG in 1960?
    199,188
  • What was Khrushchev's ultimatum regarding Berlin in 1958?
    Berlin should become an international city
  • What did Khrushchev announce in February 1959?
    USSR would sign a peace treaty with the GDR
  • What were Khrushchev's aims regarding Berlin?
    Neutralize Berlin as a subversion center
  • Why did Khrushchev believe the USSR had nuclear superiority?
    Due to the launch of Sputnik in 1957
  • What did Khrushchev hope to achieve by internationalizing Berlin?
    Absorb all of Berlin into the GDR
  • How did JFK's presidency affect Khrushchev's view?
    Khrushchev saw JFK as weak and inexperienced
  • What was the outcome of the Vienna Summit in June 1961?
    Khrushchev insisted on troop withdrawal from Berlin
  • How did Kennedy's response to Khrushchev's demands affect their relationship?
    It showed USA's readiness to defend West Berlin
  • What was Operation Rose?
    Codename for building the Berlin Wall
  • When did Operation Rose begin?
    Night of 12-13 August 1961
  • What was the initial construction of the Berlin Wall like?
    Started with barbed wire
  • What happened to travel between East and West Berlin after the wall was built?
    Travel was no longer possible
  • What was the impact of the wall on families?
    Families were split between East and West
  • How long did the Berlin Wall eventually run?
    97 miles around Western sectors
  • What was the perception of the Wall among leaders?
    Seen as a solution to problems
  • What was the estimated cost of the open border to the GDR?
    2.5 to 3 billion Ostmarks
  • Why did Ulbricht exaggerate the impact of the Wall?
    To gain Khrushchev’s support for the Wall
  • What was the consequence of losing skilled citizens for the GDR?
    They couldn't sell their services elsewhere