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• Tone


  Attitude an author takes towards his subject and audience
• Point of View


  Perspective from which the author wrote the text
• Types of Point of View

  • First Person POV - The narrator is part of the text/story
  • Third Person Omniscient POV - The writer is perceived as a knowledgeable observer seeing everything that happens in his or her writing
  • Third Person Limited POV - The writer is acting as observer lacking in-depth knowledge about what is happening around him or her
• Topic


  Who or what the text is written about
• Theme


  A consistent idea, explicit or implicit, that the author says about the topic
• Fact


  Specific detail that can be proven as true based on objective evidence
• Opinion


  People's judgment on what they observe and their personal belief towards something
• Bias


  Tendency to lean in a particular direction or side, disposition to be in favor of or against one thing, person, or group, having a concept or thought in a way considered to be unfair
• Prejudice


  Preconceived, usually an unfavorable feeling towards a particular group based solely on their social group membership, irrational or incorrect attitude towards an individual or a person based solely on their social group membership
• Citation


  Directs the readers where the author obtained his or her facts/evidence
• Argument


  Part of the text which main purpose is to prove a point by citing evidence and reasoning
• Relevance


  The information's level of importance to a particular viewing purpose or explicitly stated need for that information
• Accuracy


  The extent to which information contains factual and updated details that can be verified by consulting alternative and/or primary sources
• Reliability


  The information's level of trustworthiness based on information about the author and the publishing body
• To Persuade


  The author will want you to believe his position or point of view
• To Inform


  The author provides facts and information to teach you about something
• To Entertain


  The author wants to make you enjoy reading, watching, or listening
• Critical Issues


  Social, moral, and economic issues affecting the lives of people within a society, calling for prompt action or resolution to improve the condition of the affected target group or individuals
• General


  Depicts a larger area than a specific idea does
• Specific


  Refers to individuals, ideas, or things and tend to express distinct characteristics that define those individuals, ideas, and things
• General vs Specific General - School

  Specific - Tondo High School

  General - Bullying

  Specific - Verbal bullying, Cyber Bullying
• Tone


  The author's attitude toward a certain topic
• Point of View


  The angle from which a story is told
• Types of Point of View


  • First person
  • Second person
  • Third person
• Topic


  The central idea of the text
• Theme or Main Idea


  • Theme: a universal idea, lesson, or message explored throughout a work of literature
  • Main idea: the author's message about the topic
• Supporting Details


  Information that clarifies, proves, or explains the main idea
• Author Purposes

  • To inform
  • To persuade
  • To entertain
• Anchoring Effects


  Decisions based on favorable first impressions
• Confirmation Bias


  Decisions based on information that confirms our preconceptions or opinions
• Framing Bias


  The observation that the manner in which data is presented can affect decision making
• Halo Effect


  If your first impression is positive, the subsequent judgements we make will be colored by this first impression
• Negative Bias


  The tendency to pay more attention to negative information than to positive information
• Ageism


  A prejudicial attitude towards older people, old age, and the aging process
• Racism


  The idea that groups of people exhibit different personality characteristics, and can be separated based on the dominance of one race over others
• Sexism


  Linked to beliefs regarding the essential characteristics of women and men and the societal functions they ought to fulfill, sexist presumptions about gender roles can establish one gender as superior to others
• Classism


  A prejudice based on social class grouping of individuals based on wealth, occupation, income, education, and social network
• Religion


  The attitude towards a person or group differently because of the particular beliefs about religion
• Factual Information


  Established facts, figures and proven evidence to claim that the statements are true
• Subjective Content


  About one's impressions, suggestions, and personal judgement or situations