skeletal ( anaphy )

• Functions of the bones


  • Protection
  • Rigidity and form to the body
  • Act as lever
  • Storage of minerals
  • Site for blood formation (Blood Cells)
• Types of bone tissue


  • Periosteum
  • Compact bone
  • Spongy bone
  • Bone marrow
• Periosteum


  Tough outer layer of the bone containing blood vessels and nerves
• Compact bone


  Hard layer that protects the softer bones beneath it
• Spongy bone


  Bone full of holes, allowing it to be light yet strong
• Bone marrow


  Jelly-like tissue found within the medullary cavity
• Hematopoiesis

  Production of blood cells
• Types of bone cells


  • Osteoblasts (build new bone tissue)
  • Osteocytes (maintain bone tissue health)
  • Osteoclasts (break down old bone tissue)
• Long bones


  • Relatively cylindrical in shape with two extremities called epiphyses and a metaphysis between each epiphysis and the diaphysis
  • Function chiefly as levers and aid in support, locomotion, and prehension
• Bones of the thoracic limb

  • humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges
• Bones of the pelvic limb


  • femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, and phalanges
• Epiphysis


  Either end of a long bone
• Metaphysis


  Flared area adjacent to the epiphysis in a mature bone
• Diaphysis


  Cylindrical shaft of a long bone between the two epiphyses
• Medullary cavity


  Space surrounded by the cortex of a long bone, filled with red marrow (young animals) or yellow marrow (fat) as the animal ages
• Compact bone


  Hard layer that constitutes the exterior of most bones and forms almost the entire shaft of long bones
• Cancellous bone


  Composed of spicules arranged to form a porous network, with the spaces usually filled with marrow
• Epiphyseal cartilage


  Layer of hyaline cartilage within the metaphysis of an immature bone that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis
• Articular cartilage


  Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular (joint) surface of a bone
• Periosteum


  Fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone except where articular cartilage is located, containing osteoblasts (bone-producing cells)
• Endosteum


  Fibrous membrane that lines the marrow cavity and osteonal canals (osteons) of a bone, containing osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
• Short bones


  • Cuboid, or approximately equal in all dimensions
  • No single marrow cavity, the interior is composed of spongy bone
  • Exterior is made up of a thin layer of compact bone
• Short bones


  Absorb concussion and are found in complex joints such as the carpus ("knee") and tarsus (hock)
• Flat bones


  • Relatively thin and expanded in two dimensions
  • Consist of two plates of compact bone, the lamina externa and lamina interna, separated by spongy material called diploë
• Flat bones


  Function chiefly for protection of vital organs
• Flat bones


  • Skull, scapulae and ribs, and Pelvis
• Sesamoid bones


  Resemble a sesame seed, occur along the course of tendons to reduce friction, increase leverage, or change the direction of pull
• Irregular bones


  • Unpaired bones on the median plane, including the vertebrae and some of the unpaired bones of the skull
  • Offer protection, support, and muscular attachment
• Pneumatic bones


  Contain air spaces or sinuses that communicate with the atmosphere
• Pneumatic bones


  • The frontal bones and maxillary bones of the skull among mammals, common in birds
• Parts of the axial skeleton

  • Skull
  • Vertebral column
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
• Thoracic vertebrae


  • Have special surfaces against which the ribs move during breathing
• Grazing animals


  Have extra large spines on their cervical and thoracic vertebrae for muscles to attach to
• Lumbar vertebrae

  • Large strong vertebrae with prominent spines for the attachment of the large muscles of the lower back
• Sacral vertebrae


  Fused into one solid bone called the sacrum that sits within the pelvic girdle
• Coccygeal vertebrae


  Small bones in the tail
• Skull


  Part of the skeleton within the head, consisting of cranial bones surrounding the brain and facial bones, protecting the brain
• The skull of mammals consists of 30 separate bones
• Cranium


  The "box" enclosing and protecting the brain
• Parts of the vertebral column

  • Cervical vertebrae (C) - neck region
  • Thoracic or dorsal (T) - chest region
  • Lumbar (L) - loin region
  • Sacral (S) - in region of pelvis
  • Fused Lumbar and Sacral (LS) - in fowl
  • Caudal or Coccygeal (Cd) - located in tail