Blood Diagnostic Procedures and Management

• Blood Test

  ☆ Hematocrit

  ☆ Hemoglobin

  ☆ Blood counts
• Hematocrit

  percentage of erythrocytes to whole blood
• Hemoglobin measurement

  amount of hemoglobin in given amount of bood
• Blood counts

  measured for RBCs, WBCs, platelets
• Hematocrit

  Males have slightly more RBCs than females

  - since testosterone encourages erythropoiesis
• Pharmacologic Management (6)

  1. Platelet inhibitors

  2. Anticoagulants

  3. Thrombolytic agents

  4. Treatment of Bleeding

  5. Treatment of Anemia

  6. Treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia
• Platelet inhibitors

  - prevent blood clot formation

  - prevent platelet aggregation (sticking together)

  - prevent heart attack & stroke

  - synergistic & additive effect

  - risk: excessive bleeding
• Platelet inhibitors (9)

  1. Abciximab

  2. Aspirin

  3. Cilostazol

  4. Clopidogrel

  5. Dipyridamole

  6. Eptifibatide

  7. Prasugrel

  8. Ticlopidine

  9. Tirofiban
• Anticoagulants

  - prevent blood clot formation

  - act on clotting factors
• Anticoagulants (9)

  1. Argatroban

  2. Dabigatran

  3. Dalteparin

  4. Enoxaparin

  5. Fondaparinux

  6. Heparin

  7. Lepirudin

  8. Tinzaparin

  9. Warfarin
• Thrombolytic Agents

  - fibrinolytic

  - thrombus or blood clot breakdown

  - plasminogen activators
• Thrombolytic Agents: Plasminogen Activators

  - convert plasminogen (zymogen) to plasmin (active)
• Thrombolytic Agents: Plasmin

  degrades fibrin
• Thrombolytic Agents (4)

  1. Alteplase (tPA)

  2. Reteplase

  3. Streptokinase

  4. Urokinase
• Treatment of Bleeding (6)

  1. Aminocaproic acid

  2. Aprotinin

  3. Protamine sulfate

  4. Tranexamic acid

  5. Vitamin K1 (phytonadione)

  6. Desmopressin
• Desmopressin

  minor bleeding in hemophilia and von Willebrand disease
• Treatment of Anemia (4)

  1. Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

  2. Erythropoietin

  3. Folic acid

  4 Iron
• Treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia (2)

  1. Hydroxyurea

  2. Pentoxifylline
• Non-pharmacologic management (6)

  1. Blood transfusion

  2. Blood & bone marrow transplant

  3. Factor replacement therapy

  4. Surgery

  5. Active and healthy lifestyle

  6 Balanced diet
• Factor replacement therapy

  treatment where clotting factors (from donations or laboratories) are given to replace missing clotting factor
• Surgery

  internal bleeding stoppage