BIO

• Reproduction


  The process by which living organisms like humans, animals and plants form new individuals of the same kind
• Reproduction

  • It is one of the characteristics that distinguish living things from non-living things
  • It is important for the perpetuation of species
• Types of reproduction

  • Asexual reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction

  • The genetic makeup of the offspring is the same as the parent
  • It is the creation of a new organism from a single or one parent and does not involve the combination of gametes or sex cells
• Organisms that reproduce asexually

  • Bacteria
  • Protist
  • Fungi
  • Animals
• Asexual reproduction methods

  • Spore formation
  • Budding
  • Fission
  • Fragmentation
  • Regeneration
• Spore formation

  A type of asexual reproduction where organisms reproduce by forming spores
• Budding

  A new organism is formed from an outgrowth from the parent
• Fission

  An organism grows and duplicates its genetic material then divides into two
• Fragmentation

  New organism grows from a fragment of the parent
• Regeneration

  Organism is capable of regrowing certain body parts
• Sexual reproduction

  • It involves two parents and combination of gametes (sex cells) to produce new organism
  • The offspring's traits and genetic makeup is a combination of its parents
• Some animals have both male and female sex organs making them hermaphrodites
• In some species of fish and reptiles, environmental changes can cause a change in the sex of the organism, a process known as sequential hermaphroditism or sex reversal
• Steps of sexual reproduction in animals

  • Gametogenesis: production of gametes
  • Spawning or mating: bringing gametes together
  • Fertilization: fusion of gametes
• Types of fertilization

  • External fertilization
  • Internal fertilization
• External fertilization

  Sexual reproduction occurs outside of the body, the male comes along and sprays the eggs with sperm and fertilization takes place
• Internal fertilization

  Fertilization takes place inside the body of the female, embryonic development could be through oviparity, ovoviviparity and viviparity
• Advantages of asexual reproduction

  • The organism does not need to search for a partner
  • It requires less energy since no mating is needed
  • It takes only a short period of time
  • Produces many offspring at one reproductive cycle
• Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

  • No variations in the genetic makeup of the offspring
• Advantages of sexual reproduction

  • It creates variations in the genetic makeup of the offspring
• Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

  • It requires looking for a partner
  • It also requires more energy
  • The rate of reproduction is slower