MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

• Modern Architecture


  Started in the end of 19th century and emerged in the 1920s in Europe and the United States
• Modern Architecture


  Began as a response by Architects to rapid technological advances and greater urbanization of society at the turn of the century
• Organic Architecture


  A philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world
• Organic Architecture


  First created by the great American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867– 1959), who is still the most famous designer to work in this style
• Art Nouveau


  A style of art and architecture that was most popular during 1890– 1910, primarily in Europe
• Art Nouveau


  Inspired by natural forms and structures, not only in flowers and plants, but also in curved lines
• Bauhaus


  Originated as a German school for architecture and the arts founded by Walter Gropius in 1919
• Bauhaus


  • Distinctive style characterized by an emphasis on function, little ornamentation, and a fusion of balanced forms and abstract shapes
  • Functional shapes
  • Abstract shapes used sparingly for décor
  • Simple color schemes
  • Holistic design
  • Basic industrial materials like concrete, steel, and glass
• Art Deco


  An eclectic artistic and design style that began in Paris in the 1920s and flourished internationally throughout the 1930s, into the World War II era
• International Style


  A major architectural style that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, more focused on efficiency than on decoration
• International Style Skyscrapers


  • Square or rectangular footprint
  • Covered with glass windows on the outside
  • Faces at 90-degree angles
• Mid-Century Modern


  An architectural, style taken from mid-20th century developments in modern design from roughly 1933 to 1965, combining elements of Art Deco and International Style
• Metabolism


  Emerged at the Tokyo meeting of the 1960 World Design Conference
• Brutalism


  Emerged in the 1950s, coined by British architects Alison and Peter Smithson
• Brutalism


  • Derived from the 'Béton brut' (raw concrete) first associated with Le Corbusier
  • Characterized by monolithic forms, rigid geometric styles, and unusual shapes
  • Often government projects, educational buildings, or high-rise apartments
  • Typically clad in rough unfinished concrete
• Postmodern


  Styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles are found
• High-Tech


  Also referred to as Structural Expressionism, emerged in the 1970s, was a late modern style merging technology and building design
• High-Tech Architecture


  • Emphasized transparency in design and construction, communicating the structure and function of the building through exposed elements
  • Overhanging floors
  • Lack of internal structural walls
  • Exposed servicing
  • Adaptable spaces
• High-Tech Architecture


  Led by architects Richard Rogers, Norman Foster, Michael and Patty Hopkins, Nicholas Grimshaw and Renzo Piano, was the last major style of the 20th century
• Deconstructivism


  The style came to prominence in the 1980s, derived from postmodernism
• Deconstructivism


  • Characterized by an absence of harmony, continuity, or symmetry in buildings
  • Manipulates the surface skin of a structure, creating non-rectilinear shapes that distort and dislocate elements
  • Evokes notions of unpredictability and controlled chaos
• Deconstructivism Proponents


  Peter Eisenman, Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid, Rem Koolhaas, Daniel Libeskind, Bernard Tschumi and Wolf Prix
• Contemporary Architecture


  The architecture of the 21st century, with no single dominant style
• Contemporary Architecture


  • Tends to distance itself from straight lines by opting more for curved lines
  • Aims at the use of new materials for both the interior and the exterior, including traditional materials like glass, wood, brick, and metals, as well as plants
  • Larger and more plentiful windows, including multiple openings, panoramic windows, window walls, and skylights
  • Incorporates sustainable elements and environmental considerations
  • Includes sophisticated exterior building lighting, projections on facades, and water features
  • Makes wide use of reinforced concrete that can be moulded into almost any shape imaginable