dan

• Writing


  • Customarily permanent
  • Written texts cannot usually be altered once they have been printed out
• Speech


  • Normally transient unless recorded
  • Speakers can correct themselves as well as their statements as they continue to speak
• Written text


  • Can communicate across ages and space for as long as the particular language and writing system is still understood
• Speech


  • Usually used for immediate interactions
• Written language


  • Tends to be more complicated and intricate compared to speech with longer sentences and greater subordinate clauses
• Written texts


  • Mechanics do not have spoken counterpart
• Some kinds of written language, such as instant messages and email, are more alike to oral language
• Oral language


  • Tends to be full of repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions, with the exception of formal speeches and other scripted forms of speech, such as news stories and scripts for plays and films
• Writers


  • Do not receive immediate feedback from their readers, except in computer-based communication
  • Therefore they cannot rely on context to make things clear, so there is more need to explain things clearly and unambiguously than in speech, except in written correspondence between persons who know each other well
• Speech


  • Usually a productive interaction between two or more people
  • Context and shared information play a major function, so it is probable to leave much unsaid or indirectly implied
• Writers


  • Can use punctuation, headings, layout, colors and other graphical effects in their written texts
• Writing


  • Customarily permanent
  • Written texts cannot usually be altered once they have been printed out
• Speech


  • Normally transient unless recorded
  • Speakers can correct themselves as well as their statements as they continue to speak
• Speech


  • Can include timing, volume, timbre, and tone to add emotional element
• Written text


  • Can communicate across ages and space for as long as the particular language and writing system is still understood
• Written material


  • Can be read repeatedly and carefully analyzed, and notes can be made on the writing surface
• Speech


  • Usually used for immediate interactions
• Speech


  • Only recorded speech can be used in this way
• Some grammatical constructions


  • Only used in writing
• Written language


  • Tends to be more complicated and intricate compared to speech with longer sentences and greater subordinate clauses
• Some kinds of vocabulary


  • Only or mainly used in speech, including slang expressions, and tags like y'know, like, etc.
• Written texts


  • Mechanics do not have spoken counterpart
• Some kinds of written language, such as instant messages and email, are more alike to oral language
• Oral language


  • Tends to be full of repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions, with the exception of formal speeches and other scripted forms of speech, such as news stories and scripts for plays and films
• Writers


  • Do not receive immediate feedback from their readers, except in computer-based communication
  • Therefore they cannot rely on context to make things clear, so there is more need to explain things clearly and unambiguously than in speech, except in written correspondence between persons who know each other well
• Speech


  • Usually a productive interaction between two or more people
  • Context and shared information play a major function, so it is probable to leave much unsaid or indirectly implied
• Writers


  • Can use punctuation, headings, layout, colors and other graphical effects in their written texts
• Speech


  • Can include timing, volume, timbre, and tone to add emotional element
• Written material


  • Can be read repeatedly and carefully analyzed, and notes can be made on the writing surface
• Speech


  • Only recorded speech can be used in this way
• Some grammatical constructions


  • Only used in writing
• Some kinds of vocabulary


  • Only or mainly used in speech, including slang expressions, and tags like y'know, like, etc.
• Five original writing systems

  • Sumerian
  • Egyptian
  • Harappan
  • Mayan
  • Chinese
• Only Chinese has remained and survived into the contemporary age. All others have long since ceased to be functional.
• From Egyptian and Sumerian


  The proto-Canaanite was formed in 1750 BC and became precursor of all the alphabetic languages
• Sumerian language


  Not deciphered until the nineteenth century, discovered to be different from both the Indo-European and Semitic language groups
• Sumerian writing


  Reduced from 1500 cuneiform symbols to about 700, did not become alphabetic until about 1300 BC
• Sumerian writing


  • Most significant words had their own cuneiform signs, origins were pictographic
  • Agglutinative language, not just in verb construction but also in noun or morpheme construction
• Earliest known writing originates from Uruk, took the form of 'word-pictures' drawn with a stylus on tablets of damp clay

  3,300BC

  
• Development of Sumerian writing

  1. Word-pictures from Uruk formed into the script now called cuneiform

  2. Pictures gradually became 'ideographs'

  3. Then came 'phonograms' signifying sounds as well as the meaning of a picture