Finals_Endocrine

• Endocrine system


  Second major controlling system of the body
• More slowly acting endocrine system employs chemical _____ or _____

  Messengers, Hormones
• Hormones are produced by glands called endocrine glands.
• Major Endocrine organs

  Pituitary Thyroid

  Parathyroid

  Adrenal

  Pancreas

  Gonads

  Thymus

  Pineal
• Purely endocrine function


  Anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, parathyroid
• Mixed function both endocrine and exocrine

  Pancreas, Gonads
• Located sella turcica of sphenoid bone

  Pituitary gland
• Pituitary gland is divided into 2 functional areas

  • Posterior Pituitary (Nervous tissue)
  • Anterior Pituitary (Glandular tissue)
• Does not produce hormones it releases, instead stores 2 hormones transported from hypothalamus

  posterior pituitary
• 2 hormones of posterior pituitary 


  oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (adh)
• stimulates powerful uterine contractions durine birth, eject milk

  oxytocin
• cause kidneys to reabsorb water from forming urine, thus reducing urine output, conserve body water, and increasing BP

  ADH
• secretes 4 tropic hormones

  anterior pituitary
• anterior pituitary is also knowns as

  adenohypophysis
• tropic hormones in anterior pituitary 


  Gonadotropins - Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH)

  Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

  Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
• regulate gamete production and hormonal activity of gonads

  FSH, LH
• regulates endocrine activity of coretx portion of adrenal gland

  ACTH
• TSH is also known as

  thyrotropic hormone
• influences growth and activity of thyroid gland 

  TSH
• general metabolic hormone, determines body size and its main effects on muscle and long bone growth

  Growth hormone (GH)
• stimulates breast development and maintains milk production

  Prolactin (PRL)
• anterior pituitary controls activity of do many other endocrine glands that it has often been called the ______

  master endocrine gland
• release of hormones in anterior pituitary is controlled by

  releasing or inhibiting hormones produced by hypothalamus
• composed of 2 lobes joined by isthmus, located in the throat inferior to the Adam's apple

  thyroid gland
• 2 major hormones of thyroid gland

  thyroid hormone

  Calcitonin
•  2 active hormones of the thyroid hormone

  T4 and T3
• T3


  triiodothyronine
• T4


  thyroxine
• control rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation

  thyroid hormone
• decrease blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium deposit in bones

  calcitonin
• acts antagonistically to parathyroid hormone

  calcitonin
• embedded in the posterior surfave of thyroid gland

  parathyroid gland
• hormone of parathyroid gland

  parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• most important regulator of calcium phosphate ion homeostasis of the blood

  parathyroid hormone (Pth)
• prolonged muscle spasm, caused by blood calcium levels too low

  tetany
• two bean shaped located atop the kidneys

  adrenal glands
• 2 parts of adrenal gland

  adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex
• 2 hormones in adrenal medulla

  epinephrine, norepinephrine
• 3 major groups of steroid (corticosteroids) in adrenal cortex

  mineralocorticoid

  glucocorticoids

  sex hormones
• regulate water and electrolyte balance in extracellular fluids by regulating sodium ion reabsorption by kidney tubules

  mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)