Social

• Crimean War:

  • 450,000 Russian casualties, of which 4/5 were a cause of disease, not actually fighting the war
  • Emancipation of the Serfs as the war had revealed that Russia was underdeveloped
• Russo-Japanese War:

  • Mounting discontent. Nich II and the gov were blamed for losing to an ‘inferior’ country. Plehve assassinated in July 1904
• WW1:

  • Social unrest occurred due to military failures 
  • 1.7 million people died, 8 million casualties
• Civil War:

  • Significant levels of unrest. Defeat in the Polish attack brought humiliation to the Bolsheviks
• WW2:

  • 27 million Russians killed
  • Within 2 weeks of the Siege of Moscow, 2 million people left the capital for the east
  • Gained 24 million people from new territory after the war
• Cold War:

  •  Arms Race prompted unrest. 1962 Novocherkassk worker protests, which were dealt with ruthlessly
• Russo-Turkish War:

  • Russian nationalities were unhappy with the result of the Congress of Berlin, causing unrest that Alex II struggled to deal with