Para 2

• Second Body Paragraph: Appeals (Logos, Ethos, Pathos)
• 2nd: Pathos

  How does the author use strong, connotative language that incites a reaction making an emotional appeal (pathos)?
• 2nd: Logos

  How does the author use a logical appeal (logos) through facts, statistics, examples, organizational strategies, etc?
• 2nd: Ethos

  How does the author create an ethical appeal (ethos)through his or her experience and credibility in order to gain the trust of the audience?
• Pathos

  Emotional appeal, evoking feelings
• Negative rhetorical devices

  • Loaded language
  • Name-calling
  • Dysphemisms
• Loaded language


  Words or phrases that carry a strong emotional connotation to appeal emotionally to the audience or reader
• Loaded language

  • "America's first invasion"
  • "terrorist"
  • "assault"
• Using loaded language

  The author utilizes loaded language such as "______" and "_____" in order to appeal emotionally to the reader so that ____.
• Name-calling

  Labeling an opponent with a term that the audience would find negative
• Name-calling


  • liar
  • crook
• Using name-calling


  The writer relies on name-calling in order to evoke negative emotions about ________ because _______.
• Dysphemisms

  Words with unpleasant connotations that are used to evoke negative feelings about someone or something
• Dysphemisms


  • referring someone as a dog
  • referring someone as a cockroach
• Using dysphemisms


  The author uses dysphemistic language such as "_____" and "_____" in order to evoke negative feelings about _____ because ____.
• Pathos


  Appealing to the emotions of the audience
• Positive pathos techniques


  • Generalities
  • Euphemisms
• Generalities


  Broad or vague statements used to evoke a positive emotion
• Generalities


  • we must do what is in the best interest of society
  • I stand for freedom for this wonderful nation
• Using generalities


  The author relies on glittering generalities in his language such as "___" and "____" in order to ____.
• Euphemisms


  Words used to avoid unpleasant or offensive terms, using less harsh language
• Euphemisms


  • the man passed this evening (instead of "died")
  • ethnic cleansing (instead of "genocide")
• Using euphemisms


  The author uses euphemistic language such as "_______" and "______" in order to ______.
• Logos: Logical reasoning, providing a clear line of thinking, problem or solution, or examples to support an argument
• Analogical Evidence


  How the author compares two similar things to show parallels and support their argument
• Analogical Evidence


  • Persuasive or enlightening use of analogies to support an argument
  • Draws insightful connection between a well known and less known phenomenon
• Anecdotal Evidence


  How the author uses anecdotes to tell a story and prove a point
• Anecdotal Evidence


  • Storytelling of anecdotes coupled with statistical or testimonial evidence to build an argument
• Observations


  How the author uses their own observations to form conclusions and support their argument
• Statistics


  How the author uses numbers and percentages from verified sources to support their claim using reasoning
• Statistics


  • How statistics lend credibility to the argument
  • Whether statistics are being dramatized or manipulated
  • Validity of the statistics in supporting the argument
• Quotes or Testimonials


  How the author uses quotes from leading experts and authorities to support their position
• Facts


  Undisputed facts that can be accepted as true and help support the argument
• Logos: Organisational Strategies

  When analyzing an author’s style for a non-literary text such as an editrial, determine what organizational patterns he or she uses:

  • Exemplification: specific examples, brief
  • Illustration: examples in more detail
  • Description: concrete, sensory diction
  • Narration: use of stories e.g. anecdotes
  • Cause/effect: clear reason/result
  • Compare/contrast: similarities/differences
  • Process: how to do something...
  • Classification: how something is classified e.g. science
  • Extended definition: how to define an abstract concept e.g. patriotism, democracy, love, faith, etc.
• Ethos: Appeal to one's credibility, building trust with the audience or authority, appealing ethically to an audience
• Ethos


  The credibility and trustworthiness of the author or source
• Evaluating ethos


  • Does the author show varying sides of an issue or is it just one sided?
  • Does the publication have a good reputation? Are they credible?
  • Are there hidden biases that may impact how one views the writer's message?
  • Does the writer speak respectfully about people who oppose their viewpoint?
  • Does the writer's education or experience give them credibility as a reliable source?
  • Are the sources, facts, statistics, etc. used credible?
  • Does the information provided seem complete and accurate information about the issue?
  • Does the writer use the evidence fairly? Does he or she avoid selective use of evidence or other types of manipulation of data?
• Ethos: The language used by author can facilitate or hinder trust or credibility in the reader

  1. FORMAL: elevated, learned, pretentious, ornate, flowery, archaic, scholarly, pedantic, elegant, dignified, impersonal, elaborate, sophisticated, formal, cultured, poetic, abstract, esoteric (hard to understand), colorful, eloquent, euphonious
  2. INFORMAL: candid, detached, plain, simple, straightforward, informal, conversational, concrete, unadorned
  3. CASUAL/SLANG: abrupt, terse, laconic, simple, rustic, vulgar, slang, jargon, dialect, simple, colloquial