Limits the system so cannot allow the flows to move the energy or matter
Open system
Receives input and output of energy or matter from other systems
Open system - local scaled
Drainage basin
Close system
No energy or matter can enter or leave the system keeping it at an equilibrium
Positive and negative feedback
Positive - there is a change affecting the systems energy/ matter e.g. increasing the input. Negative - change doesn't affect the systems - keep it stable at an equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium
Input = output
Drainage basin
Shows the flows and movement of matter in a local scale
Hill slope change
Glaciers and ice from top of mountains will completely melt and depositing their material within into the drainage basin - absorb the water
Inputs in the water cycle
Precipitation
Convection - sun heat up water - evaporation - warm air rises
Frontal - warm air meets cold air and warm air rises as it will less dense
Relief - warm air moves up by a barrier - mountain
Outputs in the water cycle
Evapotranspiration - evaporation off leaves/ plants
Evaporation - heating of particle causing it to evaporate
Stream flow = moving through soil into streams
Flows in the water cycle
Percolation - water → rocks
Infiltration - water → soil
Stream flow - water → streams/ channels
Stemflow - water → stem of leaves
Surface runoff - water → river (impermeable surface/ saturated soil)
Throughflow - water → into streams or rivers
Groundwater flow - water → through the rocks → caves
Stores in the water cycle
Soil water
Vegetation
Surface
Glaciers
River channels
Channel storage - input = output
The water balance
Rate of precision going to water storages. Precipitation = total runoff + evapotranspiration +/- storage
Changes in water cycle - Human
Deforestation - less interception
Agriculture - pastoral - livestock
Arable - plants – infiltration increasing interception and evapotranspiration
Urbanisation - impermeable surface
Irrigation - removing of water
Abstraction - alters the natural flow changing: Surface water and lower ground water levels impacting rivers, sprints and wetlands
Changes in water cycle - Natural
Season change - summer, winter, spring and autumn
Storm event - saturated soil
Soil water budget
Balance between inputs and outputs in the water cycle - impact on soil
Water stored on Global scale
Oceans - 96.5%
Freshwater - 2.5%
Glaciers and ice caps- 68.7%
Groundwater - 30.1%
Surface water -1.2% - 69%- ground water and permafrost, 20.9%- lakes, 3% atmosphere
Fossil aquifers
Store longer- 10,000 years
Glaciers
100 years
Lakes
50-100 years
Floodhydrographs
Statistics of water storage
Positive and negative feedback in water cycle
Inputs in carbon cycle
Burning fossil fuels
Volcanic activity
Decomposition
Outputs in the carbon cycle
Photosynthesis
Stores in the carbon cycle
Plants
Oceans
Animals
Soils
Rocks
Transfers in the carbon cycle
Photosynthesis
Marine organisms
Soil
Carbon capture
Combustion
Decomposition
Respiration
Weathering e.g. limestone
Carbon sequestration
Trap co2 underground or deep underwater
Negatives of carbon sequestration
Expensive
Lack of reservoirs
Unknown environmental impacts
Geologic carbon sequestration
Into rocks
Biological carbon sequestration
Carbon in vegetation, soils and aquatic environment
Slow carbon cycle
Cycling of carbon between rock stores and the atmosphere and oceans through weathering
Fast carbon cycle
Uptake of carbon by plants during photosynthesis, decomposition
Managing carbon
Carbon capture and storage
Plantation forests - carbon sink- problems - space and lack of biodiversity of natural forest
Land Use change - replace crops with better carbon stores e.g. oasts
Reduce deforestation - kyoto protocol clean development mechanism - points by planting trees
Only buy FSC wood and tree products
Grassland improvement - less soil erosion, avoid overgrazing
Carbon cycle diagram
Carbon store at global scale
Marine sediment and rocks - lithosphere - 66,000- 100,000 million billion tons