P1

    Cards (114)

    • Input
      When energy or matter is added to a system
    • Output
      When energy or matter has left the system
    • Store
      Holds energy in a system
    • Transfer
      Movement of energy/ matter
    • Boundary
      Limits the system so cannot allow the flows to move the energy or matter
    • Open system
      Receives input and output of energy or matter from other systems
    • Open system - local scaled
      • Drainage basin
    • Close system
      No energy or matter can enter or leave the system keeping it at an equilibrium
    • Positive and negative feedback
      Positive - there is a change affecting the systems energy/ matter e.g. increasing the input. Negative - change doesn't affect the systems - keep it stable at an equilibrium
    • Dynamic equilibrium
      Input = output
    • Drainage basin
      Shows the flows and movement of matter in a local scale
    • Hill slope change

      Glaciers and ice from top of mountains will completely melt and depositing their material within into the drainage basin - absorb the water
    • Inputs in the water cycle

      • Precipitation
      • Convection - sun heat up water - evaporation - warm air rises
      • Frontal - warm air meets cold air and warm air rises as it will less dense
      • Relief - warm air moves up by a barrier - mountain
    • Outputs in the water cycle

      • Evapotranspiration - evaporation off leaves/ plants
      • Evaporation - heating of particle causing it to evaporate
      • Stream flow = moving through soil into streams
    • Flows in the water cycle
      • Percolation - water → rocks
      • Infiltration - water → soil
      • Stream flow - water → streams/ channels
      • Stemflow - water → stem of leaves
      • Surface runoff - water → river (impermeable surface/ saturated soil)
      • Throughflow - water → into streams or rivers
      • Groundwater flow - water → through the rockscaves
    • Stores in the water cycle
      • Soil water
      • Vegetation
      • Surface
      • Glaciers
      • River channels
      • Channel storage - input = output
    • The water balance

      Rate of precision going to water storages. Precipitation = total runoff + evapotranspiration +/- storage
    • Changes in water cycle - Human

      • Deforestation - less interception
      • Agriculture - pastoral - livestock
      • Arable - plants – infiltration increasing interception and evapotranspiration
      • Urbanisation - impermeable surface
      • Irrigation - removing of water
      • Abstraction - alters the natural flow changing: Surface water and lower ground water levels impacting rivers, sprints and wetlands
    • Changes in water cycle - Natural
      • Season change - summer, winter, spring and autumn
      • Storm event - saturated soil
    • Soil water budget

      Balance between inputs and outputs in the water cycle - impact on soil
    • Water stored on Global scale
      • Oceans - 96.5%
      • Freshwater - 2.5%
      • Glaciers and ice caps- 68.7%
      • Groundwater - 30.1%
      • Surface water -1.2% - 69%- ground water and permafrost, 20.9%- lakes, 3% atmosphere
    • Fossil aquifers
      Store longer- 10,000 years
    • Glaciers
      100 years
    • Lakes
      50-100 years
    • Flood hydrographs
    • Statistics of water storage
    • Positive and negative feedback in water cycle
    • Inputs in carbon cycle

      • Burning fossil fuels
      • Volcanic activity
      • Decomposition
    • Outputs in the carbon cycle
      • Photosynthesis
    • Stores in the carbon cycle

      • Plants
      • Oceans
      • Animals
      • Soils
      • Rocks
    • Transfers in the carbon cycle

      • Photosynthesis
      • Marine organisms
      • Soil
      • Carbon capture
      • Combustion
      • Decomposition
      • Respiration
      • Weathering e.g. limestone
    • Carbon sequestration
      Trap co2 underground or deep underwater
    • Negatives of carbon sequestration

      • Expensive
      • Lack of reservoirs
      • Unknown environmental impacts
    • Geologic carbon sequestration
      Into rocks
    • Biological carbon sequestration

      Carbon in vegetation, soils and aquatic environment
    • Slow carbon cycle

      Cycling of carbon between rock stores and the atmosphere and oceans through weathering
    • Fast carbon cycle
      Uptake of carbon by plants during photosynthesis, decomposition
    • Managing carbon

      • Carbon capture and storage
      • Plantation forests - carbon sink- problems - space and lack of biodiversity of natural forest
      • Land Use change - replace crops with better carbon stores e.g. oasts
      • Reduce deforestation - kyoto protocol clean development mechanism - points by planting trees
      • Only buy FSC wood and tree products
      • Grassland improvement - less soil erosion, avoid overgrazing
    • Carbon cycle diagram
    • Carbon store at global scale

      • Marine sediment and rocks - lithosphere - 66,000- 100,000 million billion tons
      • Rocks and sediments - 65,500 billion tons
      • Oceanic - 38,000 gigatons
      • Fossil fuels - 4000 billion tons