FINALS

• Ancient Latin


  Meant a "craft or specialized form of skill, like carpentry or smithying or surgery"
• Medieval Latin


  Meant any special form of book-leaning, such as grammar, logic, magic or astrology
• 18th Century


  Means not delicate or highly skilled arts, but 'beautiful' arts
• Assumptions of Art

  • Art is Universal - Men will continue to use art while art persists and never gets depleted
  • Art is not nature - Art is man's expression of his reception of nature. Art is man's way of interpreting nature
  • Art involves experience - By experience, means the "actual doing of something". Art depends on experience, and if one is to know art, he must know it not as a fact or information but as experience
• Art as Expression

  • Visual Arts - those that appeal to the sense of sight and are mainly visual in nature
  • Film - Film refers to the art of putting together successions of still images in order to create an illusion of movement
  • Performance Art - is a live art and the artist's medium is mainly the human body which he or she uses to perform, but also employs other kind of art such as visual art, props, or sound. It consists of four important elements: time, where the performance took place, the performers or the performer's body, and the relationship between the audience and the performer(s)
  • Poetry Performance - is an art form where the artist expresses his emotions through words. These words are carefully selected to exhibit clarity and beauty and to stimulate strong emotions of joy, anger, love, sorrow, and the list goes on
  • Architecture - Buildings are considered an architecture if they consist functionality, the striking balance of the lines, colors, and shapes. Building should embody these three important elements – plan, construction, and design – if they wish to merit the title architecture
  • Dance - is a series of movements that follows the rhythm of the music accompaniment
  • Literary Art - uses words to express themselves and communicate emotions to the readers
  • Theater - live performers to present accounts or imaginary events before a live audience
  • Applied Arts - is incorporating elements of style and design to everyday items with the aim of increasing their aesthetical value
• Functions of Art

  • Personal Function of Art - Self-expression (To communicate an idea to the audience)
  • Social Function of Art - if and when it addresses a particular collective interest as opposed to a personal interest
  • Physical Function of Art - are the easiest to spot and understand. These can be found in artworks that are crafted in order to serve some physical purpose
  • Music in the original form was principally functional. Music was used for dance and religion. The ancient world saw music only as an instrument to facilitate worship and invocation to Gods
• The 7 Elements of Art

  • Line
  • Shape
  • Form
  • Spaces
  • Texture
  • Value
  • Color
• Elements of Art

  • Color - is a crucial component of an image's composition
  • Line - It is the distance between two points
  • Space - It is the distance between or within spaces, forms, colors, and lines
  • Form - It is the overall form taken by the artwork; the physical nature of a work of art
  • Shape - It is the result of closed lines, either two-dimensional lines or flat lines
  • Value - It is the gradual change of color from lightness to darkness
  • Texture - It is the way art is felt by touching and seeing
  • Light - creates the illusion that color, form, and texture exist
• Principles of Art

  • Pattern - is the repeating unit of space or form. It is the repetition of a visual element
  • Balance - is how each element of art relates to the other within a composition
  • Emphasis - is the focal point of art to attract a person's attention. Artworks may have one or more areas of emphasis
  • Contrast – is the difference in art. It is the arrangement of opposite elements, such as smooth and rough textures, small and large shapes, and light and dark colors
  • Harmony and Unity - give art a sense of cohesion. It is when an artwork achieves a certain point of wholeness. An artwork becomes complete because al the elements work together in a composition
  • Variety - takes place when an artist uses different elements in a composition. The artist chooses to vary in exposure, color, angle, shapes, and sizes
  • Movement - is the physical movement in art. Can also be shown through repetition, like lines repeating over and over again
  • Proportion - in art means the relationship of two objects in a composition or an object's relationship referred to as a whole
• Art History Quick Map

  • Prehistoric: Cave painting, Greek standard of beauty: the birth of the "Classical" age, Romans created realistic sculptures of human figure
  • Middle Ages: "death" of artistic freedom, rise of Gothic art especially in Gothic churches, Stained glass windows and illuminated manuscripts
  • Renaissance: Revival of the artistic genius, The time of "Masters"
  • Baroque: Grandiose and ornate art, Artistic innovation: "Spotlight effect"
  • 19TH Century: Emergence of "isms", Greek and Roman Classics revived, Photography comes into the scene, Post-impressionism
  • 20TH Century Modern Art: Art become more non-representational, Abstracted sculptures emerged, Art movements: Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism, Expressionism, Mondrian's purely geometric art
  • Art During the Wars: Dadaism: the art movement that defies logic, Surrealism: stepping into the dreamworld, America art blossoms, Mobile Sculptures and color field paintings also became prominent
  • 20th Century to Contemporary: Highly experimental and radical, Minimalism, Birth of conceptual art, Photography is further developed which pave the way to art movement. Photorealism
• Methods in Reading Art

  • Formalism and Style – basically gives importance to the formal qualities as basis for the meaning of art. Roger Fry is a major purveyor of this thinking
  • Iconography – focuses on the subject matter primarily over form
  • Contextual approaches – From the term itself, these are mainly schools of thought and philosophical movements which place an artwork within a certain parameter: Marxism, Orientalism, Colonialism, Feminism and gender
  • Biography and autobiography- considers the life and context of the artist. This approach is based on the assumption that the artist's life, beliefs, choices, and personality are directly connected to the works that he or she creates
  • Semiotics – From the Greek word "sema", which means sign. Hence, an artwork or art form is assumed to be composed of a set of signs that may have significant cultural and contextual meanings beyond itself
  • Psychoanalysis – In psychoanalysis, one is concerned with, one is concerned about the unconscious mind in relation to the artst, the viewer, and the cultural context it is involved in
  • Aesthetic and Psychoanalysis – Individual notion of what is considered acceptable, beautiful, and attractive in works of art are in part influenced by psychological factors. This approach then connects psychology to one's constructed philosophy of art
• Filipino Artists

  • Fernando Amorsolo - He was coined as the master of Philippine light. This is the kind of light that when it strikes tanned flesh or the leaves of trees for example, one can immediately see a range of analogous, or related colors such as yellow green, yellow, and white that appear at the same time and makes one feel the warmth of the scene created. Because of his excellent style, his paintings never fail to bring back the warmth and idyllic scenes of Philippine provinces and traditions
  • Vincente Manansala - Cubism was pioneered jointly by Pablo Picasso and George Braque, and was described to be the most radical innovation of art "isms" since it contrasted greatly with the classic
• Aesthetic and Psychoanalysis


  • Individual notion of what is considered acceptable, beautiful, and attractive in works of art are in part influenced by psychological factors
  • This approach then connects psychology to one's constructed philosophy of art
• Fernando Amorsolo


  • Master of Philippine light
  • The kind of light that when it strikes tanned flesh or the leaves of trees, one can immediately see a range of analogous, or related colors such as yellow green, yellow, and white that appear at the same time and makes one feel the warmth of the scene created
• Hernando R. Ocampo

  • Described as the "most Filipino" painter ever
  • It is not the content but rather the style of his works where one can see his unique painterly approach
• Hernando R. Ocampo's works


  • Abstract compositions of biological forms portrayed in bold strokes of colors that seem to oscillate before your eyes
• Napoleon Abueva


  • Kept Filipino themes in the sculptures such as rice planters, mother and child, carabaos, and the like
  • Bold and edgy interpretation of such themes intensified the kind of spirit present in his dynamic and often monumental sculptures
• Pre-Colonial Indigenous Art


  • Characterized by use of materials found in the immediate environment
  • Combining functionality with aesthetics
  • Art forms are usually connected to traditional belief systems and local values
• Hispanic Influence (1800's)

  • The main force of art is the church; hence, works were mostly concerned with religious subject matters
  • Notable artworks are (Philippine flora and fauna), and the Letras Y Figuras
  • Filipinos were trained by friars but they adhered to a more rich palette like red, blue, and yellow
• American Influence (1900's)

  • Closing of the Escuela de Pintura, Grabado Y Escultura which paved the way for the opening of small workshops led by artists to train pupils
  • Photoethnography was done by American soldiers to "prove" the uncivilized and primitive people of the Philippines
  • Forces of art were commissions, sales, gifts, and opening of new American-based businesses
  • Filipinos started getting involved in international art expositions like Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo
• Second Republic: 1942 – 1945


  • Japan occupies the country and laid the groundwork for cultural regeneration, dissipating American influence
  • Some artists involved in the movement were conservatives Fernando Amorsolo, his brother Pablo, Guillermo Tolentino, Dominador and Castańeda, and modernists Victorio Edades, Galo Ocampo, and Hernando Ocampo
  • Art became a vehicle of influence for the Japanese to control the Filipino spirit by restricting their artistic expression
• Third Republic: 1945 – 1972


  • Rise of modernism spearheaded mostly by H.R. Ocampo, Victorio Edades, and Napoleon Abueva
  • Art Association of the Philippines was formed along with the Philippine Art Gallery (PAG)
  • Main art movements were realism and neo realism with media-related conventions like komiks and editorial cartoons
• Fourth Republic 1972 – 1986


  • Marcos era: Marcos monument was created but was later destroyed
  • First lady Imelda Marcos' efforts: Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), National Arts Center, and Philippine High School for the Arts among others
  • The CCP was envisioned as a shrine for high art and avante garde
• Fifth Republic Onwards 1986 – Present


  Rise of commercial galleries, improvement of institutions, and formation of more art groups and collectives
• BenCab


  • National Artist for Visual Arts-Benedicto Cabrera has works which span a lot of important periods in our history, especially the postwar period
  • One of his work series entitled "Sabel" depicts the disorientation that Filipinos experienced during the postwar period
• David Medalla


  • "The avatar in Europe in performance art," as described by art critic Leo Benesa
  • Performance art is one of the new artistic expressions of the contemporary period where the artist himself is the artwork
• Elmer Borlongan


  • Painter of Filipino nuances which he depicted with much dignity in his masterful works
  • His paintings are mostly figurative with subject matters that tackle mostly the daily and mundane activities and interactions of Filipinos
  • He is one of the most exceptional in the aspect of painting in our country
• Mark Salvatus


  • Has created much discourse and narratives in his works on the notions of urbanization, Internet, and technological age, with political, social, and economic grounding
  • His works are considered intermedia, combining mark-making, sounds, videos, and found objects in his works
• Leeroy New


  • One of the youngest recipients of Thirteen Artists Awards
  • Known mostly for his installation art that are often other-worldly with an alien feel
  • He pioneered that "Aliens in Manila," which are curated photographs of people wearing his creations of bodysuits and headgear
• Archie Oclos


  • Has always been active in public sphere, painting murals depicting social realities of both the present and the memories of the past governments
  • He was recently awarded one of the Thirteen Artists of CCP
• Mars Bugaoan


  • A young and emerging artist whose works echo the displacement that we often experience because of the demands of work and globalization
  • His works have evolved from printmaking to being sit-responsive, incorporating the landscape of the site into the installation of the art piece
• Sound


  • A wave, a mechanical disturbance in matter that originates from a source and is sent outwards
  • When two or more objects collide they form vibrations that are transmitted through the air or other mediums
• Hearing


  • The sense that perceives sounds
  • In humans as well as in most animals, the ear is the sense organ that picks up sounds
  • The ears also relay the sounds to the brain, which in turn processes these as information
• Audible Range


  The certain range the human ear can hear
• Volume


  • Refers to the loudness or softness of a sound, and is measured in decibels (dB)
  • Sounds more than 80 to 90 decibels may be dangerous to human ears when exposed for long durations
• Pitch


  • Refers to how high or low a particular sound is, and is measured in hertz (Hz)
  • The average hearing range for humans begins at 20 Hz and tops out at around 20,000 Hz
• Silence


  • The condition or quality of being quiet; it is basically the absence of audible sound or noise
  • In music, silences is also very important – parts where there is an absence of sound are as important and meaningful as the parts where there is sound
• Music


  The art of organizing and putting together an array of sounds into a meaningful, perceptual experience
• Noise


  Any sound that lacks reference to musical quality and is generally considered unpleasant or unbearable to the human ear