Untitled

• Back Muscles


  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Levator scapulae
  • Rhomboid major
  • Rhomboid minor
• Muscles of Thorax


  • External Intercostal
  • Internal Intercostal
  • Innermost Intercostal
  • Transversus thoracis
  • Levatores costarum
• The Abdominal Wall


  • External oblique
  • Internal oblique
  • Transversus abdominis
  • Rectus abdominis
• Trapezius


  • Origin: Skull, nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of C7 to T12
  • Insertion: Clavicle, acromion and the scapular spine
  • Function: Upper fibers elevate the scapula and rotate it during abduction of the arm (90 to 180 degrees), Middle fibers retract the scapula
• Latissimus dorsi


  • Origin: Spinous processes of T6 to T12, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, the inferior three ribs, and the inferior angle of the scapula
  • Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
  • Function: Extends, adducts and medially rotates the upper limb
• Rhomboid major


  • Function: Retracts and rotates the scapula
  • Origin: Spinous processes of T2 to T5 vertebrae
  • Insertion: Inferomedial border of the scapula
• Rhomboid minor


  • Function: Retracts and rotates the scapula
  • Origin: Spinous processes of C7 to T1 vertebrae
  • Insertion: Medial border of the scapula
• Levator scapulae


  • Origin: Transverse processes of the C1 to C4 vertebrae
  • Insertion: Medial border of the scapula
  • Function: Elevates the scapula
• Serratus posterior group


  • Serratus posterior superior
  • Serratus posterior inferior
• Splenius capitis


  • Function: Assists in supporting the head in the erect position
• Splenius cervicis


  • Function: Extension of the cervical spine, rotation and lateral flexion
• Erector Spinae muscle group


  • Iliocostalis
  • Longissimus
  • Spinalis
• Erector Spinae muscle group


  • When both sides are engaged function as the primary extensor of the back, Unilaterally they assist with lateral bending and rotation of the spine
• Transversospinales muscle group


  • Semispinalis
  • Multifidus
  • Rotatores
• Transversospinales muscle group


  • Assist in bending the back posteriorly when contracted bilaterally, When unilateral contraction occurs, they are responsible for assisting with lateral bending and rotation
• Intercostal muscles


  • External Intercostal
  • Internal Intercostal
  • Innermost Intercostal
  • Transversus thoracis
  • Levatores costarum
• External Intercostal muscles


  • Muscles Expand the Thoracic Cage by Elevating and Extending the Sternum
• Internal Intercostal muscles


  • Together with innermost intercostals, pull down on the rib cage and push air out of the lungs
• Innermost Intercostal Muscles


  • Functions are similar to those of internal intercostals; they assist breathing by depressing the ribs and support the thoracic cage
• Transversus thoracis


  • Accessory muscle of respiration, It depresses the ribs which supports expiration
• Levatores costarum muscles


  • Help to elevate the ribs
• Neurovascular bundle of intercostal muscles: Vein, Artery, Nerve (VAN) sit in subcostal groove
• Diaphragm


  • Thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest, Contracts and flattens when you inhale
• Diaphragm openings


  • Caval
  • Esophageal
  • Aortic
• Inspiration


  Diaphragm contracts and pulls down, Intercostal muscles contract and expand the rib cage, Air enters the lungs
• Expiration


  Diaphragm relaxes and goes up, Intercostal muscles relax and rib cage collapses, Air exits the lungs
• Accessory inspiratory muscles


  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Scalene muscles
  • Serratus anterior
  • Pectoralis major
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Erector spinae
  • Iliocostalis
• Pectoralis major


  • Origin: There, Function: Arm adduction, Arm internal rotation, Arm flexion
• Pectoralis minor


  • Origin: Third, fourth, fifth ribs close to their respective costal cartilages
  • Insertion: Coracoid process
  • Function: Draws scapula anteroinferiorly, stabilizes scapula on thoracic Wall
• Serratus anterior


  • Origin: Surface of the upper eight ribs at the side of the chest
  • Insertion: Along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula
  • Function: Fixes the scapula into the thoracic wall, and aids in rotation and abduction of the arm (90 to 180 degrees)
• Layers of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall: Skin, Superficial fascia (Camper's fascia, Scarpa's fascia)