Lesson 1

• Anatomy


  The science of structure and the relationships among structures
• Physiology


  The science of body functions
• Normal adult physiology is studied in this class
• Some genetic variations occur
• Subdivisions of anatomy


  • Surface anatomy
  • Gross anatomy
  • Systemic anatomy
  • Regional anatomy
  • Radiographic anatomy
  • Developmental anatomy
  • Embryology cytology
  • Pathological anatomy
• Subdivisions of physiology


  • Cell physiology
  • System physiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Exercise physiology
  • Neurophysiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiovascular physiology
  • Renal physiology
  • Reproductive physiology
• Chemical level


  • Atoms (proton, neutron, electrons)
  • Molecules (two or more atoms joined together by either covalent or ionic bonds)
• Four biologically important organic molecules in the human body


  • Proteins (made from 20 different amino acids)
  • Complex carbohydrates (made from simple sugars)
  • Nucleic acids (made from nucleotides)
  • Lipids (made from fatty acids and glycerol)
• Cells


  Smallest structural and functional units of the human body
• Tissues


  Group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
• Organs


  Composed of two or more tissues that work together to provide specific functions and they usually have specific shapes
• Organ systems


  Consist of one or more organs that provide a common function
• Examples of organ systems covered in Anatomy & Physiology 242


  • Integumentary system
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Urinary system
  • Reproductive system
• Systemic anatomy


  Study of anatomy by system
• Regional anatomy


  Study of anatomy by region
• Integumentary system


  • Forms external body covering
  • Protects deeper tissues from injury
  • Synthesizes vitamin D
  • Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands
• Skeletal system


  • Protects and supports body organs
  • Provides a framework for muscles
  • Blood cells formed within bones
  • Stores minerals
• Muscular system


  • Allows manipulation of environment
  • Locomotion
  • Facial expression
  • Maintains posture
  • Produces heat
• Nervous system


  • Fast-acting control system
  • Responds to internal and external changes
• Endocrine system


  • Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use
• Cardiovascular system


  • Blood vessels transport blood
  • Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Also carries nutrients and wastes
  • Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
• Lymphatic system


  • Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
  • Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
  • Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
  • Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body
• Respiratory system


  • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
  • Removes carbon dioxide
  • Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs
• Digestive system


  • Breaks down food into absorbable units
  • Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces
• Urinary system


  • Eliminates nitrogenous system
  • Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
• Reproductive system


  • Overall function is to produce offspring
  • Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
  • Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
  • Mammary glands produce milk
• Anatomical position


  A common visual reference point where a person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward, palms face forward with the thumbs pointed away from the body
• Regional terms


  • Axial region (the main axis of the body)
  • Appendicular (the limbs)
• Directional terminology


  • Superior (cranial)
  • Inferior (caudal)
  • Anterior (ventral)
  • Posterior (dorsal)
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Proximal
  • Distal
  • Superficial (external)
  • Deep (internal)
  • Ipsilateral
  • Contralateral
• Coronal (frontal) plane


  Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts
• Median (midsagittal) plane


  Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the middle
• Transverse plane


  Runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts
• Dorsal body cavity


  Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity
• Other body cavities


  • Oral cavity
  • Nasal cavity
  • Orbital cavities
  • Middle ear cavities
  • Synovial cavities
• Abdominal regions


  Divide the abdomen into nine regions
• Abdominal quadrants


  Divide the abdomen into four quadrants (right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower)
• Basic life processes


  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Movement
  • Growth
  • Differentiation
  • Reproduction
• Homeostasis


  Equilibrium of the body's internal environment produced by the interaction of organ systems and regulatory processes (feedback systems)
• Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in response to changing conditions
• Body systems that largely control homeostasis


  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system