Philo Chapter 4

• Free will- capacity of the individual to exercise her freedom
• Freedom- the ability to do whatever you want without being controlled by anyone else.
• Liberty- related to freedom

  → civil rights and rules

  CIVIL RIGHTS

  1. Inalienable
  2. Universal
• Isaiah Berlin-

  • Philosopher of Freedom”
  • “ Two concepts of Liberty”. • exercising freedom on behalf of someone else's real self is a dishonorable act or a moral pretense

  
  

  • coercing other people

  for their own good maybe justified, but it does not make it less coercive

  
  

  - he calls it "monstrous impersonation" of the sublime
• Negative freedom- the freedom from the constraints of the state and society.
• Positive freedom - the freedom to do whatever you want, as long as it doesn't harm others
• Mill- “The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community against his will is to prevent harm to others.”
• negative freedom- → It means the absence of arbitrary coercion

  → non-intervention or minimal interference;

  → lack of constraint or pressure
• Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Stuart Mill- Philosophers of negative freedom
• Positive freedom -

  • It means to “self rule” or “self mastery” 
  • → it requires being critical, creative, compassionate, and accountable foR own’s action as well as those of others
• BUDDHISTS, Immanuel Kant, Jean Jacques Rousseau - Positive freedom philosophers
• Thomas Hobbes - surrender their natural rights to a sovereign authority in a social contract.
• homo homini lupus- translation: “Man is a wolf to man” By nature, human beings are greedy, selfish, self-seeking and competitive.

  
  

  Human beings have an infinite desire
• Freedom of Hobbes- One would do anything just to satisfy one’s needs and achieve one’s goals in life.
• John Locke -entering into a social contract to form a civil society with the government One would do anything just to satisfy one’s needs and achieve one’s goals in life.
• John Stuart Mill - Harm Principle 

  “ basta wala akong tinatapakang tao: 
• Utilitarianism - The greatest good for the greatest number of people
• Mill's harm principle - the idea that the only purpose of punishment is to prevent people from doing wrong
• Buddhists positive freedom - emphasizes the path to enlightenment and liberation from suffering. detaching oneself from worldly desires and transcending the ego, leading to spiritual

  liberation and inner peace
• Samsara - liberation from the cycle of suffering, known as
• Nirvana - a state of complete freedom from suffering
• Immanuel Kant- introduced the concept of autonomy and moral freedom.
• Autonomy - the capacity to act according to rational, self

  -imposed moral principles.
• Categorical imperative - the moral law that is absolute and universal, and is the basis of all other moral laws
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau: He was a French philosopher and political theorist who wrote the book "The Social Contract
• Rousseau philosophy - Focused on the relationship between freedom and society.
• General will - Represents the collective will of a just society
• Hobbe’s philosophy - People have natural rights such as life, liberty, and property, which they give up some of when forming a government
• Jean Jacques-Rousseau - He was a French philosopher and political theorist who wrote the book "The Social Contract
• Social contract theory - The idea that people form governments to protect their individual rights and freedoms
• Erich Fromm - the self is a product of socialization and the self is a social construct
• Rudolf Steiner - the dynamic relation between concept formation and sense perception.

  ○ One is truly free if an action is done creatively and thoughtfully out of love and is motivated by it.

  ○ In order to realize the full potential of human freedom, one should focus and harness one’s inner strength and capacity.
• Existentialism - meaning we have the burden of making choices and taking responsibility for our actions

  → that true freedom lies in authenticity, which involves making choices in alignment with one’s values, rather than succumbing to external influences or societal norms.
• Jean Paul Satre - Freedom is Responsibility

  Bad faith: avoiding the responsibility of authentic choices
• Existence precedes essence - the idea that existence is prior to essence. We define our existence in this world.
• Soft determinism - the idea that we are not free to choose our actions but are influenced by our genes. We are determined by some certain factors or prior causes, yet we are at the same time free
• Hard determinism - all events, including human actions, are predetermined and inevitable, driven by factors beyond human control such as fate or a deterministic universe. Advocates of hard determinism argue that free will is an illusion, as every choice and action is predetermined by antecedent events and conditions.
• Causal consistency - the idea that the same cause will produce the same effect in the same circumstances