MCN LEC LAST 3 QUIZZES

• Diabetes Mellitus

  An endocrine disorder in which the pancreas cannot produce adequate insulin to regulate body glucose levels
• Diabetes

  A group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose)
• The main cause of diabetes varies by type. But no matter what type of diabetes you have, it can lead to excess sugar in the blood. Too much sugar in the blood can lead to serious health problems.
• Chronic diabetes conditions

  • Type 1 diabetes
  • Type 2 diabetes

  
• Potentially reversible diabetes conditions

  • Prediabetes
  • Gestational diabetes

  
• Prediabetes

  Blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes
• Gestational diabetes

  Happens during pregnancy, but may go away after the baby is born
• Symptoms of diabetes

  • Feeling more thirsty than usual
  • Urinating often
  • Losing weight without trying
  • Presence of ketones in the urine
  • Feeling tired and weak
  • Feeling irritable or having other mood changes
  • Having blurry vision
  • Having slow-healing sores
  • Getting a lot of infections, such as gum, skin and vaginal infections
• Type 1 diabetes

  A chronic condition where the pancreas makes little or no insulin
• Different factors, such as genetics and some viruses, may cause type 1 diabetes
• Type 1 diabetes usually appears during childhood or adolescence, but it can develop in adults
• There is no cure for type 1 diabetes. Treatment is directed toward managing the amount of sugar in the blood using insulin, diet and lifestyle to prevent complications.
• Symptoms of type 1 diabetes

  • Feeling more thirsty than usual
  • Urinating a lot
  • Bed-wetting in children who have never wet the bed during the night
  • Feeling very hungry
  • Losing weight without trying
  • Feeling irritable or having other mood changes
  • Feeling tired and weak
  • Having blurry vision
• Possible causes of type 1 diabetes

  • Genetics
  • Exposure to viruses and other environmental factors
• Diagnostic tests for diabetes

  • Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test
  • Random blood sugar test
  • Fasting blood sugar test
• Treatment for type 1 diabetes

  • Taking insulin
  • Counting carbohydrates, fats and protein
  • Monitoring blood sugar often
  • Eating healthy foods
  • Exercising regularly and keeping a healthy weight
• The goal of treatment for type 1 diabetes is to keep the blood sugar level as close to normal as possible to delay or prevent complications.
• Type 2 diabetes

  A condition that happens because of a problem in the way the body regulates and uses sugar as a fuel
• In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin and cells respond poorly to insulin and take in less sugar.
• There's no cure for type 2 diabetes. Losing weight, eating well and exercising can help manage the disease. If diet and exercise aren't enough to control blood sugar, diabetes medications or insulin therapy may be recommended.
• Risk factors for type 2 diabetes

  • Being overweight or obese
  • Storing fat mainly in the abdomen
  • Inactivity
  • Family history
  • Certain races and ethnicities
  • Low HDL cholesterol and high triglycerides
  • Age over 35
  • Prediabetes
  • Gestational diabetes
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Rheumatic Fever

  An autoimmune disease that occurs as a reaction to a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection

  
• Inflammation from the immune response leads to fibrin deposits on the endocardium and valves, in particular the mitral valve, as well as in the major body joints.
• The source of the streptococcal infection is often an incident of pharyngitis, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, "strep throat," or impetigo.

  
• Rheumatic fever occurs most often in children 6 to 15 years of age, with a peak incidence at 8 years. It is seen most often in poor, crowded urban areas.

  
• The symptoms of the original streptococcal infection subside in a few days with or without antimicrobial therapy. Children appear well again. After 1 to 3 weeks, however, if the child was not treated with an appropriate antibiotic for the original infection, the onset of rheumatic fever symptoms can begin.

  
• Signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever

  • Systolic murmur from mitral insufficiency
  • Prolonged P-R and Q-T intervals on ECG
  • Sydenham chorea (sudden involuntary movement of the limbs)
  • Erythema marginatum (macular rash on the trunk)
  • Subcutaneous nodules (painless lumps on tendon sheaths)
  • Polyarthritis (tender swollen large joints)

  
• Important laboratory findings include the presence of an antibody antistreptococcal titer (ASO) and increased ESR and C-reactive protein levels, proof the child had a recent streptococcal infection.
• Therapeutic management of rheumatic fever

  • The course is about 6 to 8 weeks
  • Children are maintained on bed rest only during the acute phase
  • Pulse rate is monitored as a valuable sign of improvement
  • Apical pulse is obtained for a full minute to measure the effect of activity

  
• SO) and increased ESR and C-reactive protein levels, proof the child had a resent streptococcal infection
• The course of rheumatic fever is about 6 to 8 weeks

  
• Children with rheumatic fever

  • Maintained on bed rest only during the acute phase of illness or until congestive heart disease is not present, the ESR decreases, and the C-reactive protein level and pulse rate return to normal

  
• Pulse rate

  A valuable sign of improvement, monitoring vital signs is essential during and after the acute phase
• Obtaining pulse rate

  1. Obtain an apical pulse for a full minute for best results

  2. Taking it while the child is asleep as well as when the child is awake helps to measure the effect of activity on the pulse rate, another way to judge that inflammation is decreasing and the child's heart action is improving
• A course of penicillin therapy or a single intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin will be prescribed to eliminate any group A beta-hemolytic streptococci remaining in the child's body
• Oral ibuprofen or a corticosteroid may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and joint pain
• Corticosteroid therapy

  • Possible side effects include hirsutism, a round moon face (Cushing syndrome), and an increased susceptibility to infection
• Phenobarbital and diazepam are both effective in reducing the purposeless movements of chorea
• If CHF is present, measures to reduce symptoms such as use of digoxin and diuretics will be prescribed
• Prognosis for child with rheumatic fever

  Depends on the extent of myocardial involvement