The minimum energy that colliding particles must possess for a reaction to occur
what is the actual yield
the actual mass obtained
What is an addition reaction
A reaction in which two molecules combine to form one molecule
what is an aldehyde
a homologous series of organic compounds formed by the partial oxidation of primary alcohols. An organic compound in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon chain.
What is atom economy
the molar mass of the desired product divided by the sum of the molar masses of all the products, expressed as a percentage
what is the atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
what is Avogadro’s constant
the number of atoms in carbon-as in exactly 12g of Carbon-12
the value is: 6.02x10^23 mol^-1
what is Avogadro’s law
it states that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules
what is the base peak
this indicates the peak with the greatest abundance. the tallest peak because it represents the commonest fragment ion to be formed
What is a basic oxide
An oxide of a metal which reacts with water to form a metal hydroxide, and with an acid to form a salt and water
what is a bioalcohol
a fuel made from plant matter, often using enzymes or bacteria
what is a biodegradable polymer
a polymer that can be broken down by microbes
what is biodiesel
a fuel made from vegetable oils obtained from plants
what are biofuels
fuels that are obtained from livingmatter that has recently died
what is a ‘block’ in the periodic table
the image shows where the different blocks are in the periodic table.
what is bond enthalpy
the enthalpy change when onemole of a bond in the gaseous state is broken
what is bond length
the distance between nuclei of two atoms that are covalently bonded together
what is carbocation
a positiveion in which the charge is shown on a carbon atom
what is a carboxylic acid
a homologous series of organic compounds formed by the complete oxidation of primary alcohols
What is a catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction
what is complete combustion
when all the atoms in the fuel are fully oxidised
What are concordant titres
Titres that are close together - usually within 0.20cm^3
What is cracking
The breakdown of molecules into shorter ones by heating with a catalyst
what do curly arrows represent
the movement of electron pairs
what is dehydration
a reaction which results in the removal of the hydroxyl group in an alcohol molecule, together with a hydrogen atom from an adjacent carbon atom, forming a C=C double bond
what are delocalised electrons
any electrons that are not associated with any single atom or any single covalent bond; relevant in metallic bonding
what is a diol
a compound containing two-OH (alcohol) groups
what is a dipole
a dipole is said to exist when two changes of equal magnitude but opposite signs are separated by a smalldistance
what is a discrete (simple)molecule
an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
what is a displacement reaction
a reaction in which one element replaces another element in a compound
what is a disproportionatereaction
the simultaneousoxidation and reduction of an element in a singlereaction
What is distillation with addition
The heating of a reaction mixture, but adding another liquid and distilling off the product as it forms
what is electronegativity
the ability of a pair of electrons in a covalent bond
what is an electrophile
a species that is attracted to a region of high electron density
what is electrophilic addition
a reaction in which two molecules form one molecule and the attacking molecule is an electrophile
what is an elimination reaction
where a molecule loses atoms attached to adjacent carbon atoms, forming a C=C double bond
what is the empirical formula
formula of a substance that shows the simplest ratio of atoms contained within it
what is the end point
the point at which the indicator just changes colour. the end point should coincide with the equivalence point
what is an endothermic reaction
a reaction where heat energy is transferred from the surroundings to the system. temperature detected decreases