Psy 231 Final

• 3 domains of development

  • Emotional: empathy and relationships
  • Cognitive: decision making, language, vocabulary
  • Physical: brain growth, body changes, motor control
• 8 developmental periods

  • Prenatal
  • Infancy/Toddler
  • Early Childhood
  • Middle Childhood
  • Adolescence
  • Early Adulthood
  • Middle Adulthood
  • Late Adulthood
• Lifespan Perspective

  • Development is: Lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic
• Basic Issues


  • Individual differences
  • Heredity
  • Culture
  • Average
  • Orderly
  • Specific
  • Complex
• 3 research designs

  • Correlational - no causation
  • Experimental- causation
  • Quasi-natural differences
• Genome


  All of a living thing's genetic material, made up of chromosomes
• Chromosomes


  Rod shaped structures that contain genes
• Genes


  Composed of DNA, blueprints
• Types of twins

  • Dizygotic- fraternal
  • Monozygotic- identical
• 3 prenatal development periods

  • Zygote: Week 1 to implantation
  • Embryo: Week 3-8, most rapid change, internal organs, pregnancy sickness
  • Fetus: Week 8-birth, growth and finish stage
• Lanugo


  Downy hair on babies body
• Vernix


  Cheese that protects babies skin
• 2 trends of physical growth

  • Cephalocardal: head to toe
  • Proximodistal: Center to out
• Bone growth

  Epiphyses releases cartilage to lengthen, hardens over time
• Brain Development

  • Synaptic pruning: decrease neurons
  • Myelination: fat on neurons, how quickly neurons fire
  • Lateralization: two hemispheres, two functions
  • Plasticity: changeable experiences
• Piaget Stage 1 (Sensorimotor)


  • Circular reactions: accident reflex becomes purposeful
  • Object permanence: understanding if you can't see objects it still exists
• Schemas

  • Assimilation: using existing scheme to interpret the world
  • Accommodation: altering existing schemas, creating new ones
• Language Theories

  • Behaviorist View: occurs because vocalization gets reinforced
  • Nativist View: brain region processes information
  • Interactionist Perspective: both theories, environment & brain
• Language Development

  • Phonemes: sounds and sound patterns
  • Semantics: meaning of words
  • Syntax: grammar, putting words together
  • Pragmatics: use of language in social context
• Erikson Stage 1 (Trust vs. Mistrust)


  • Parents responds or not to baby in need
• Erikson Stage 2 (Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt)


  • Families supporting or not when toddlers do things on their own
• Temperament

  • Easy (40%) adaptable, positive, outgoing
  • Difficult "Exuberant" (10%) free spirit, extreme emotional response, fussy
  • Slow to Warm up (15%) cautious, shy, difficulty to change but will
  • Hard to Classify (35%) does not fall neatly in category
• Brain Changes

  • Cerebellum: balance, control body movements (motor control)
  • Corpus callosum: between hemispheres, smooth movements
  • Reticular formation: consciousness, less day time sleep
  • Hippocampus: memory, first memories
• Growth Influence

  • Pituitary Gland: at the base of brain, controls 2 hormones
  • Growth Hormone: all growth except genitals and CNS, releases
• Piaget Stage 2 (Preoperational)


  • Make believe play
  • Dual representation: things can represent something else
  • Egocentrism: centered on own's experience, inability to distinguish self
  • Centration: being stuck on one aspect of the problem, inability to think in reversibility
  • Animistic thinking: give feelings to inanimate object
  • Magical thought: believe in magic
• Zone of Proximal Development


  Having knowledge gain from people interaction that is more skilled
• Math Skills

  • Ordinality: correct order for counting
  • Cardinality: understand last number and counting things once
• Erikson Stage 3 (Initiative vs. Guilt)


  • Internalized feelings of the child, have confidence in the task
• Parenting styles

  • Authoritative: parents are warm and sensitive to child but firm expectations; leads to confidence, social skill, compliance, achievement
  • Authoritarian: behavior and obedience over warmth leads to anxiety, withdrawal, rebellion, over dependence
  • Permissive: few expectations and rules, friend then parent leads to impulsivity, immaturity, poor self regulation
  • Uninvolved/Neglect: Emphasizes parents own need over child leads to worst outcome for cognitive, social, emotional development
• Common health problems

  • Myopia: inability to see far away, more time inside higher
  • Asthma: common problem in children, medicine too expensive
  • Obesity: preventable, health problems, can't treat, high risk for adult obesity
• Piaget Stage 3 (Concrete Operational)


  • Decentration: no longer fixated on one part of the problem, whole picture
  • Reversibility: reverse in mind, mental reversibility
  • Spatial Reasoning: Mental map, understanding body in space
• Attention Strategy

  • Production deficiency: can't produce strategy
  • Control deficiency: know it exists can't execute correctly
  • Utilization deficiency: execute but no improvement
  • Effective strategy: recognize efforts to improve
• Erikson Stage 4 (Industry vs. Inferiority)


  • Doing thing on own, confidence in skill/confidence, not good at anything
• Mastery oriented


  Goal mastering a task according to self standards
• Learned Helplessness


  Individual faces negative outcomes continuously and stops trying to change circumstance even if they have ability
• Changes

  • Primary sex characteristics: maturation to sex organs within the body
  • Secondary sex characteristics: body changes can be observed from outside
• Piaget Stage 4 (Formal)


  • Abstract thought: ability to think of things not in front of you
  • Hypothetical Deductive reasoning: scientific reasoning, problem solving, logical thought
  • Propositional thought: evaluate logic of situation without it being real
• Erikson Stage 5 (Identity vs. Role confusion)


  • Proud, self confidence, exploration vs no confidence, no opportunities
• 4 Identity Formation

  • Identity Achievement: committed after exploration
  • Identity Moratorium: exploration no commitment
  • Identity Foreclosure: committed no exploration
  • Identity Diffusion: no exploration, no commitment
• Aging

  • Senescence: biological aging
  • Wear & Tear: athletes, wear your joints out
  • Telomere Theory: overtime bodies slow down
  • Cross linking Theory: stiffing of fibers, less lung capacity/heart pump