CHAPTER 7: LEARNING DISABILITIES

• Learning Disability - basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language are deficient.
• Response To Intervention (RTI) - A student’s response to instructional interventions that have been determined to be effective through scientifically based research.
• Comorbidity - The occurrence together of multiple medical conditions or disabilities.
• Dyslexia - severe type of learning, ability to read
• Mirror writing - writing backward from right to left
• Cognition - The act of thinking, knowing, or processing information.
• Information Processing - A model used to study the way people acquire, remember, and manipulate information.
• Short Attention Span - An inability to focus one’s attention on a task for more than a few seconds or minutes.
• Selective Attention - Attention that often does not focus on centrally important tasks
• Haptic - Related to the sensation of touch and to information transmitted through body movement or position.
• Figure–Ground Discrimination - The process of distinguishing an object from its background.
• Visual Discrimination - Distinguishing one visual stimulus from another.
• Auditory Processing Disorder - A condition resulting in difficulties distinguishing the sounds of language
• Kinesthetic - Related to the sensation of body position, presence, or movement,
• Hyperkinetic Behavior - A general excess of behavior in an inappropriate setting.
• Hyperactivity - A general excess of behavior in an inappropriate setting.
• Identical Twins - Twins from a single fertilized egg and a single placental sac.
• Fraternal Twins - Twins from two fertilized eggs and two placental sacs.
• Norm-Referenced Assessment - Assessment wherein a person’s performance is compared with the average of a larger group.
• Criterion-referenced Assessment - Assessment that compares a person’s performance with a specific established level
• Curriculum-based Assessment - Assessment in which the objectives of a student’s curriculum are used as the criteria against which progress is evaluated.
• Screening raises “a red flag” if a problem is indicated.
• Behavioral Contract - An agreement, written or oral, stating that if one party behaves in a certain manner, the other will provide a specific reward.
• Token Reinforcement System - A system in which students, by exhibiting positive behavior changes, may earn tangible items that they can exchange for rewards.