🗺️ || GCSE Geography - Paper 3

• Name the 3 types of atmospheric hazards.

  • Atmospheric
  • Geomorphological
  • Flooding
• Name 3 things that increase the likelihood of a natural hazard occurring.

  • Urbanisation
  • Agriculture
  • Climate change
• What are the 5 processes at destructive plate margins.

  • The plates move towards each other
  • Composite volcanoes
  • Fold mountains
  • Earthquakes
  • Convection currents
• Define the 4 processes at constructive plate margins.

  • Move away from each other
  • Shield volcanoes
  • Earthquakes
  • Convection currents
• Define the 2 processes at conservative plate margins.

  • Move side by side
  • Earthquakes
• How does ridge push work?

  • Magma rises as the plates move apart
  • The magma cools to form a new plate material
  • That plate material then slides away from the ridge
  • Causes the tectonic plates to move away from each other
• How does subduction/slab pull work?

  The denser plate sinks back into the mantle due to gravity.
• How does a convection current work?

  • The magma rises due to the hot core and sinks back down towards the core after it has cooled.
  • Convection builds up pressure so that the plates move too
• What do constructive plates cause?

  They move apart causing a new crust to form and causing volcanic eruptions.
• What do destructive plates cause?

  They collide which can cause:

  • The formation of fold mountains
  • Subduction
  • Earthquakes
  • Volcanic eruptions
• How many tectonic plates is the earth's crust made up of?


  Seven
• Name the 2 properties of the oceanic crust.

  • Thin
  • Dense
• Name the 2 properties of the continental crust.

  • Less dense
  • Thicker
• Define the term abrasion.


  Caused by waves picking up material which is forced against the cliff face wearing it away.
• Define the term attrition.


  Where stones and pebbles in the sea knock against each other causing them to become smoother and rounded.
• Define the term fetch.

  The distance over which wind has blown to form a wave.
• Define the term backwash.


  The movement of water back down a beach.
• Define the term swash.

  The movement of water up a beach
• Outline the main characteristics of constructive waves.

  • Smaller than 1 metre.
  • Low energy
  • Low frequency
  • Strong swash, weak backwash
  • Deposition
• Outline the main characteristics of destructive waves.

  • Higher than 1 metre
  • High energy
  • High frequency
  • Weak swash, strong backwash
  • Erosion
• Define the term hydraulic action.


  Waves break against the cliff face pressure of the breaking wave compresses air in the cracks. Breaks the rock apart
• Define the term slumping.


  When land mass moves a short distance down the slope.
• Define the term hard engineering.


  Involves the construction of man-made defences to control the natural processes, e.g. groynes + sea wall
• Define the term soft engineering.

  Works with natural processes and considered more environmentally friendly.
• Define the term rip rap.

  Large resistant rocks placed in front of the cliff.
• Advantages and disadvantages of rip rap.

  • Absorbs wave energy
  • Makes beaches inaccessible
• Define the term groynes.


  Fences built across the beach, stretching from the coastline into the sea.
• Define the term beach replenishment.

  The addition of sand taken from somewhere (generally offshore)
• Define the term headland.

  A cliff that sticks out into the sea
• Define the term bay.

  A body of water partially surrounded by land.
• Define the term stack.

  A large stack of rock in the sea
• Define the term spit.


  Beach landform off coasts or lake shores.
• Define the term longshore drift.


  Where materials are brought along the coastline.
• Holderness coast


  Spurn head
• Define the term arch.


  A wave-eroded passage through a headland.
• Define the term wave-cut notch.


  An area of erosion at the base of a cliff formed by the waves. Formed by erosional erosional processes such as abrasion and hydraulic action
• Define the term wave-cut platform.

  A platform that has been eroded due to the collapse of the rock below the headland due to hydraulic action and abrasion
• what do groynes prevent?

  Longshore drift
• Define the term coastal bar.


  A bar is created when there is a gap in the coastland with water in it.
• Define the term salt marsh.


  Open salt water