HG Unit 5

• Different climates that cultivate and lead to the production of different crops

  • Tropical
  • Subtropical
  • Temperate
  • Mediterranean
  • Arid
  • Polar
• As we trade and as the world continues to shift and as technology continues to advance, these crops diffuse
• Intensive farming practices


  Use less land, more capital and more labor, located closer to urban areas
• Extensive farming practices


  Use more land, less capital, located farther away from urban areas
• Types of intensive farming practices

  • Plantation agriculture
  • Mixed crop and livestock
  • Market gardening
• Plantation agriculture generally located in less economically advanced areas, producing food and products for more economically advanced areas
• Mixed crop and livestock farming generally found in more economically advanced areas
• Market gardening/truck farming located in warmer climates, uses more migrant labor, focused on efficiency and production
• Types of extensive farming practices

  • Shifting cultivation
  • Nomadic herding
  • Ranching
• Shifting cultivation


  Clearing land, farming for a period, then leaving the land to regrow vegetation before repeating the cycle
• Nomadic herding


  Moving livestock around in areas with poor soil conditions that cannot support sedentary agriculture
• Ranching


  Extensive farming practice that is very profitable, often practiced in more developed areas
• Yield


  The amount of agricultural production per unit of land
• Settlement patterns


  • Clustered
  • Dispersed
  • Linear
• Clustered settlement


  Buildings/objects packed closely together
• Dispersed settlement


  Buildings/objects spread far apart
• Linear settlement


  Buildings/objects arranged in a line
• Land survey methods


  • Long Lots
  • Metes and Bounds
  • Township and Range
• Long Lots


  Narrow strips of land connected to a major road or river
• Metes and Bounds


  Defining land boundaries using natural landmarks
• Township and Range


  Grid-based survey system creating a uniform pattern of land parcels
• Meets and Bounds


  When looking at a geographic area, using different features of the area to create the boundary for a piece of land (e.g. from the big oak tree to the white fence to the barn and back)
• Township and Range


  A system of land surveying that divides land into a grid of townships and ranges, creating a very clean, organized pattern
• The Fertile Crescent is where the first Agricultural Revolution started
• The Colombian Exchange involved the trade of plants, animals, diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres, leading to both positive and negative consequences
• First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)

  Shift from nomadic to sedentary agriculture, allowing for population growth
• Second Agricultural Revolution


  Increase in agricultural productivity and efficiency due to new inventions like the seed drill, cotton gin, and threshing machine, as well as the enclosure movement
• Industrial Revolution


  Connects to Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model
• Enclosure Movement


  Consolidation of communal land into privately owned larger farms, leading to migration to urban areas
• Green Revolution


  Significant increase in agricultural production due to new high-yield crop varieties, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and modern irrigation
• The Green Revolution had negative consequences like environmental degradation, monocropping, and economic dependency
• Monocropping


  Planting a single crop year after year, which increases efficiency and productivity but reduces biodiversity
• Types of agriculture


  • Subsistence (not for sale)
  • Commercial (for profit)
• Large-scale commercial agriculture


  Highly mechanized, technologically advanced farms focused on maximizing productivity and profit through economies of scale
• Economies of scale allow large-scale commercial farms to achieve greater efficiency and profitability
• Large-scale commercial agriculture

  Farms that use a lot of advanced technology, mechanization, and significant investment to be highly productive and profitable
• Economies of scale

  As companies get larger, they have more access to money, capital, and production methods, allowing them to produce individual items cheaper
• Smaller family farms are struggling to compete with large agro-businesses and large-scale commercial agricultural facilities due to economies of scale</b>
• Linkages


  Connections between different areas, such as trade, communication, migration, and flow of goods or services
• Commodity chains


  The different activities and processes involved in producing a product, focusing on commodities and raw resources