antibiotics

• what is the most effective way for prevention of infection

  hand washing
• disinfectant

  kills organisms

  only used on nonliving things
• antiseptics

  inhibits but does not kill bacteria

  applied to living tissue
• empiric therapy


  antibiotics that are started before culture is resulted
• broad-spectrum antibiotics

  active against gram positive, negative and anaerobic organisms
• narrow spectrum antibiotics

  effective only against few organisms
• superinfection

  when antibiotics completely eliminate the normal bacteria flora
• when is prophylactic antibiotic therapy mostly used in?

  before patients go into a procedure
• sulfonamides 


  prevent bacterial synthesis of folic acid

  do not destroy bacteria but inhibit growth

  often used in treatment of UTIs, HIV infections, MRSA
• phenazopyridine 


  urinary analgesic given to treat UTI pain
• sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMX-TMP)

  sulfonamide used to treat UTIs, HIV infections, MRSA

  need to be taken with 8oz of water
• contraindications for sulfonamides

  sulfa allergies
• Penicillin's 


  kills bacteria by binding of beta-lactam ring to enzyme to create new cell wall

  treat coccus infections, pneumonia, sepsis
• adverse effects of penicillin's

  urticaria, pruritus, angioedema
• what bacteria enzyme can destroy penicillin's?

  beta-lactamase
• cephalosporins


  structurally related to penicillin's
• cefazolin (Ancef)


  prototypical first generation cephalosporin
• carbapenems

  broadest antibacterial action of any antibiotic

  reserved for complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections

  also reserved for bad resistance to other antibiotics
• adverse effect of carbapenems

  drug-induced seizure activity
• imipenem/cilastatin

  carbapenem drug that binds to penicillin-binding proteins inside bacteria

  used to treat bone, joint, skin and soft tissue infections

  intraabdominal infections, pneumonia, UTIs and pelvic infections
• macrolides 


  treat respiratory and skin infections
• erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin

  macrolide antibiotics
• clarithromycin

  used to treat bronchitis

  potential increase for heart problems or death when given to pts with heart disease
• fidaxomicin

  newest macrolide used only to treat C- diff
• adverse effects of macrolides 


  nausea, vomiting, GI bleed, cardiac dysrhythmias
• tetracyclines

  antibiotics typically used to treat acne but can also be used for syphilis, Lyme disease, PID, SIADH
• adverse effects of tetracyclines

  tooth discoloration, photosensitivity, alteration of intestinal or vaginal flora

  do not use in pregnant women
• what can taking antibiotics before culture test lead to ?

  false negative results
• patient education on antibiotics

  different form of birth control, take the full course
• aminoglycosides

  bind to 30S ribosome and prevent synthesis of bacteria

  used for gram negative bacteria ( E. Coli), also used to treat procedures involving GI tract
• gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin

  aminoglycoside antibiotics
• adverse effects of aminoglycosides

  nephrotoxic and ototoxic

  monitor renal function
• tobramycin

  aminoglycoside used to treat reoccurring respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis
• quinolones

  antibiotics that destroy bacteria by altering their DNA
• ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin

  quinolone antibiotics

  used to treat complicated UTIs
• adverse effects of quinolones

  prolonged QT interval, increase risk for tendinitis and tendon rupture,
• vancomycin 


  antibiotic that destroys bacteria by binding to cell wall

  first line for MRSA

  also treats C-diff
• adverse effects of vancomycin 


  nephrotoxic, ototoxic, red man syndrome- itching, flushed

  decrease IV rate if red man syndrome occurs