bio205 final

• Louis Pasteur and his Swan neck flasks experiments (spontaneous generation and fermentation experiments)


  spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself
• Koch's 1st postulate


  suspected germ must be present in every case of the disease
• Koch's 2nd postulate


  germ must be isolated and grown in pure culture
• Koch's 3rd postulate


  cultured germ must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy host
• Koch's 4th postulate


  the same germ must be re-isolated from diseased experimental host
• What is the contribution of Semmelweis?

  handwashing
• What is the contribution of Lister?

  antiseptic technique
• What is the contribution of Jenner?

  vaccination
• What is the contribution of Snow?

  father of epidemiology
• What are the main characteristics of molds?


  multicellular and reproduce through spores
• What are the main characteristics of yeasts?


  unicellular and reproduce through budding
• What are the main characteristics of bacterias?


  prokaryotes and are composed of peptidoglycan
• What are the main characteristics of archeas?

  prokaryotes and are composed of different polymer
• what are the 5 ways to identify and classify bacteria?

  Physical characteristics, Biochemical tests, Serological tests, Phage typing, and Analysis of nucleic acids
• What is the gram stain procedure?

  crystal violet (purple), iodine (purple), alcohol (Gram + purple, Gram - colorless), safranin (Gram + purple, Gram - pink)
• cocci


  spherical
• coccobacilli


  oval rod
• bacilli


  rods
• vibrio


  curved rod
• spirillum


  spiral
• spirochete


  flexible spiral
• pleomorphic


  many shapes
• diplococci


  pairs
• streptococci


  chains
• tetrads


  square
• sarcina


  cube
• staphylococci


  clusters
• What generas produce endospores?

  bacillus and clostridium
• Prokaryote characteristics


  no nucleus, no organelles , small, and simple
• Eukaryote characteristics


  nucleus, organelles, large, and complex
• gram positive cell wall

  thick peptidoglycan layer
• gram negative cell wall


  thin peptidoglycan layer and have lipopolysaccharide
• glycocalyx slime layer


  loosely attached
• glycocalyx capsule


  tightly attached and protects from phagocytosis
• flagella


  whiplike tails that provide movement
• fimbriae


  provide attachment
• pili


  bacterial conjugation
• cell wall


  provide shape and structural support
• cell membrane


  semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
• nucleoid


  dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell