Kin Respiratory

• Respiratory System


  • Composed of structures that allow three main functions

  
• Two zones of the Respiratory System


  • Conductive zone
  • Respiratory zone

  
• Structures of the Respiratory System

  • Nasal cavity
  • Mouth
  • Epiglottis
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Right and left primary bronchi
  • Trachea
  • Secondary bronchi
  • Tertiary bronchioles
  • Smooth muscle
  • Pulmonary arteriole
  • Pulmonary venule
  • Terminal bronchiole
  • Respiratory bronchiole
  • Alveolar sacs

  
• Conductive Zone


  • Composed of structures that transport air to the lungs
  • Filters air taken in with each breath
• Structures of the Conductive Zone


  • Mouth and nose
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Primary and secondary bronchi
  • Tertiary and terminal bronchioles
• Structures of the Respiratory Zone

  • Bronchiole
  • Respiratory Bronchiole
  • Alveolar Duct
  • Alveolar Sac
  • Alveolus
  • Pulmonary Arteriole
  • Capillary Network
  • Pulmonary Venule

  
• Mechanics of Breathing / Ventilation


  1. Boyle's Law (pressure inversely proportional to volume)

  2. Inhalation (Inspiration)

  3. Exhalation

  
• Ventral Body Cavity


  • Thoracic cavity
  • Abdominal-pelvic cavity
• Lung Volumes


  • Static lung volumes (Total lung capacity, Vital capacity, Residual volume)
  • Dynamic lung volumes
• Lung Volumes are divided into two categories: static and dynamic
• Oxygen (O2) transport within the blood achieved in two ways

  
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport achieved in three ways
• Gas Exchange


  • Diffusion mediates gas exchange
  • Diffusion is the movement of a gas, liquid, or solid from a region of high concentration to low concentration
• Gas Exchange

  • Internal
  • External
• Respiratory Control Centre


  • In medulla oblongata and pons in brain
  • Involuntary
  • Receives messages from various monitoring centres
  • Cerebral cortex can voluntarily control ventilation rates

  
• Monitoring Centres


  • CO2 levels and subsequent pH changes
  • Anoxia (O2 levels)
  • Proprioceptors from joints and muscles
  • Temperature
  • Cerebral factors
  • Stretch Receptors
• Asthma

  • Spasm of smooth muscle lining the respiratory system
  • Oversecretion of mucous
  • Swelling of cells lining the respiratory tract
  • Results in dyspnea and wheezing
  • Factors that stimulate attacks: exercise, allergic reactions/contaminates, stress
  • Controlled through the use of medications
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  • Describes a family of diseases that lead to a reduction in airflow through the respiratory system
  • Often fatal in severe cases
  • Persistent conditions cannot be relieved (quickly or effectively) through the use of medications
  • Individuals experience dyspnea while performing everyday activities
  • Treatment includes medication, oxygen therapy, respiratory muscle training

  
• Short Term / Immediate Effects of Exercise on Circulation and Respiration


  • Automatic adjustments
  • Cardiac output
  • Vasodilation
  • Vasoconstriction
  • pH value
  • Ventilation rates
• Long Term / Chronic Effects of Exercise on Circulation and Respiration


  • RBC
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Arteries, capillaries and veins
  • Respiratory muscles
• Alveoli are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs between the bloodstream and the atmosphere.