Chapter 28,30,32

• overweight 


  body weight that exceeds height and/or age appropriate average. Often is bc an increased body fat amount but not always
• overfatness


  disorder where energy intake exceeds energy expenditure
• obesity 


  overfat disorder that comes along many different conditions. Ex: insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high cancer risk, glucose intolerance. America 69% of population are obese
• BMI 


  body mass index--body mass divided by height. BMI > 30 = obese. Fails to consider age, gender, race, body fat distribution, bone, muscle, plasma volume.
• multicomponent model 


  2-component model: fat-free body mass, fat mass 3-component model: water, protein, fat 4-component model: water, protein, bone mineral, fat 5-component model: atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, whole body
• reference man and reference woman 


  divides body mass into lean body mass, muscle, bone, with total body fat subdivided into storage and essential fat. Reference man: taller and heavier, large muscle body and lower fat content 12% storage fat, 3% essential fat Reference woman: 27% storage fat, 12% essential fat
• essential fat 


  fat in heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines, muscles. Required in females for childbearing and normal physiologic functioning for both genders
• storage fat 


  energy reserve primarily in adipose tissue, 83% pure fat, 2% protein, 15% water. Visceral fat protects internal organs
• lean body mass 


  non-sex-specific essential fat equal to 3% body mass
• fat free mass 


  body mass that does not contain any extractable fat
• minimal leanness standard 


  lowest healthy level of body mass that a person can have without harming their health
• physically active women are at risk for:

  delayed menstruation, irregular menstruation (oligomenorrhea), no menstruation (amenorrhea). Bc of exercise stress and inadequate fat reserves
• techniques to assess body composition 


  Direct measurements: chemical analysis of tissue Indirect measurements: hydrostatic weighing, anthropometric measurements like skin fold calipers and others (X-rays, MRI, CT)
• hydrostatic weighing 


  Archimede's principle-- body volume= the difference btw body mass measured in air and body weight, measured during water submersion
• BOD POD


  determines body volume by measuring initial volume of empty chamber minus volume with person inside
• subcutaneous fat measurements with skin fold 


  measures subcutaneous fat, internal fat and whole body density. triceps, sub scapular, iliac, abdomen. Reflects total percentage of body fat
• girth measurement 


  predict body fat percentage and analyze body fat distribution: right upper arm, right forearm, abdomen, buttocks, right thigh, right calf.
• bioelectrical impedance analysis 


  electrodes placed at all extremities, forming many circuits throughout the body that measure the amount of resistance that exists, passes fast thru fat. Assess total body water
• near-infrared interactance (NIR) 


  wavelength interacts with organic material in arm/leg to compete body fat %
• ultrasonography 


  converts electrical energy into sound waves that penetrate skin surface into underlying tissues. Can image fat an muscle thickness, more useful than skin fold in obese people
• computed tomography (CT) 


  cross sectional images that pass through different density tissues. Produce info about tissue area, total fat and tissue thickness. Radiation
• MRI magnetic resonance 


  excites hydrogen nuclei in the body's water and lipid molecules. Quantify total and subcutaneous adipose tissue
• DXA dual energy X-ray absorptiometry 


  two low energy xray beams with short exposure with low radiation dosage, assess spinal osteoporosis and bone disorders
• average percentage body fat 


  young adult men: 12-15% young adult women: 25-28%
• Americans diet 


  overconsume meats by 42% and grains by 8% while underconsuming fruits by 60% vegetables by 20% and dairy by 55%
• Leptin 


  satiety hormone-regulates body weight and obesity. weight loss reduces concentration and weight gain increases.
• male and female fat patterning

  apple (android) central obesity higher metabolic and cardiovascular risks vs. pear (gynoid) more difficult to reduce
• genetics and environmental factors

  80% of obesity risk is bc of genetics and abundance of high calorie foods
• set point theory 


  challenges effectiveness of dieting by suggesting a biologically predetermined weight that body strives to maintain
• spot reduction


  ineffective bc fat loss cannot be localized it has to be general
• anorexia athletica

  athletes who fail to meet true eating disorder criteria but exhibit unhealthy methods of weight control
• anorexia nervosa

  obsessing with body size/distorded body image
• bulimia nervosa

  feelings of guilt and shame followed by episodes of binge eating
• binge eating disorder

  eating more rapid than usual until they can consume no additional food
• adipose tissue 


  increases in two ways: fat cell hypertrophy (existing adipocytes fill with fat) fat cell hyperplasia (total adipocyte number increases)
• energy balance model 


  weight loss is calories our exceeding calories in
• mass balance model 


  accumulating either 1 gram of protein, lipid, or carbohydrate in the body's cells will increase body mass by exactly 1 gram, irrespective of the nutrient's energy content in calories.
• ketogenic diets 


  develops kidney stones, alters electrolytes, depletes glycogen, causes dehydration
• low carb ketone diets

  generates excess plasma ketone bodies
• high protein diets 


  strain on liver and kidney function, dehydration, glycogen depletion