Psychopathology final

• Substance use disorder


  Excessive or harmful use of drug and alcohol
• Addiction


  Compulsive drug seeking behavior and loss of control over drug use
• Symptoms of addiction


  • Withdrawal
  • Tolerance
• Substance use disorder


  At least 2 symptoms over a 12-month period that cause significant distress
• SUD severity


  • Mild: 2-3 symptoms
  • Moderate: 4-5 symptoms
  • Severe: 6+ symptoms
• Symptoms of substance use disorder


  • Increasing amounts used
  • Withdrawal is present
  • Tolerance develops
  • Substance use interferes with life obligations
  • Attempts to control use are unsuccessful
• Alcohol consumption levels

  • Moderate: 1 drink for women, 2 drinks for men
  • Binge: 4+ for women, 5+ for men
• Alcohol poisoning


  Impaired breathing, coma, death
• Alcohol-use disorder


  2x more likely for men, progresses quicker in women
• Delirium tremens


  Life-threatening conditions produced by alcohol withdrawal symptoms
• Alcohol treatments

  • AA
  • Medications: Antabuse (causes physical side effects when mixed with alcohol) and naltrexone (reduces urges to drink)
• Sociocultural factors for alcohol use


  • Native Americans drink at earliest age
  • Males drink more
  • Latin American men have highest rates of daily alcohol consumption
  • Asian Americans have lowest levels of drinking
• Opioids


  Depressants, can be illegal substances or prescriptions, cause euphoria and drowsiness
• Opioid treatments


  • Synthetic opioids: reduce cravings (but can develop tolerance)
  • Contingency management
  • Family counseling
• Caffeine


  Stimulant, most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world
• Amphetamines

  Stimulants, prescribed for attention and sleep disorders (like Adderall), cause euphoria, confidence, agitation, psychosis, violence, suicidality
• Methamphetamine


  Can cause permanent damage to heart
• Cocaine


  Stimulant, effects are short lived so high potential for addiction, withdrawal causes lethargy and depression, use can sometimes cause psychiatric symptoms (delusions, hallucinations)
• Treatments for stimulants


  • Contingency management
  • Teaching how to cope with temptation and high-risk situations
• Hallucinogens


  Cause hallucinations: vivid sensory awareness, derived from natural sources, "good trips" and "bad trips"
• Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder


  Distressing recurrence of hallucinations week or years after drug intake
• Nicotine

  Releases adrenaline and dopamine
• Vaping


  Form of nicotine use
• Nicotine treatments


  • High rate of relapse
  • Medications (like Chantix)
  • Women have harder time with smoking cessation
• Cannabis


  Marijuana: most commonly used illicit drug, causes euphoria, tranquility, sensory disorientations, anxiety
• Cannabis treatments


  • CBT, MET, contingency management
• Inhalants


  Cause stroke, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation
• MDMA


  Designer drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic properties, causes jaw spasms, euphoria, sensory disorientations, depression
• Club drugs


  Induce energy, excitement, reduce inhibitions, but have significant crash
• Combining multiple drugs

  Synergistic effects: interactions between substances intensifies effects, dangerous combos of uppers/downers
• Biological factors in substance use disorder


  • Alters brain function
  • Genetic factors à strong correlation in families
  • Women are more susceptible to relapse and rapid progression
• Psychological factors in substance use disorder


  • Half have concurrent psychiatric disorder
  • Stress
  • Behavioral under control: personality characteristics associated with impulsivity and risk taking
• Social factors in substance use disorder


  • Childhood neglect and stress
  • Adolescence: desire to "fit in", peer pressure, lack of parental monitoring
  • College: transitional period, no supervision, easy access to substances, exposure, social media
• Sociocultural factors in substance use disorder


  • Social acceptance of drugs is increasing
  • White and Latin Americans
  • Discrimination of LBGTQ youth
• Treatment for substance use disorder


  • Self-help groups
  • Outpatient and inpatient
  • Section 35
  • 2 phase approach: 1) detoxification and 2) preventing relapse
• Goals of substance use disorder treatment


  Abstinence, drug-free lifestyle, functioning productively
• Preventing relapse in substance use disorder


  • Reward system (contingency management)
  • Alter structure and function of brain (neuroplasticity)
  • Motivational enhancement therapy: goal is to get client to take ownership of problem and want to make change
• Progression of substance use disorder

  1. Initial use

  2. Increasing use

  3. Heavy use

  4. Drug lifestyle
• Schizophrenia


  Severe end of schizophrenia spectrum, symptoms present for most of the time for at least 1 month, and disturbance persists for at least 6 months, 2+ symptoms- delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, gross motor disturbance, negative symptoms
• Anosognosia


  Inability to recognize own mental confusion