Psychopathology final

Cards (66)

  • Substance use disorder

    Excessive or harmful use of drug and alcohol
  • Addiction
    Compulsive drug seeking behavior and loss of control over drug use
  • Symptoms of addiction

    • Withdrawal
    • Tolerance
  • Substance use disorder
    At least 2 symptoms over a 12-month period that cause significant distress
  • SUD severity

    • Mild: 2-3 symptoms
    • Moderate: 4-5 symptoms
    • Severe: 6+ symptoms
  • Symptoms of substance use disorder

    • Increasing amounts used
    • Withdrawal is present
    • Tolerance develops
    • Substance use interferes with life obligations
    • Attempts to control use are unsuccessful
  • Alcohol consumption levels
    • Moderate: 1 drink for women, 2 drinks for men
    • Binge: 4+ for women, 5+ for men
  • Alcohol poisoning
    Impaired breathing, coma, death
  • Alcohol-use disorder
    2x more likely for men, progresses quicker in women
  • Delirium tremens

    Life-threatening conditions produced by alcohol withdrawal symptoms
  • Alcohol treatments
    • AA
    • Medications: Antabuse (causes physical side effects when mixed with alcohol) and naltrexone (reduces urges to drink)
  • Sociocultural factors for alcohol use

    • Native Americans drink at earliest age
    • Males drink more
    • Latin American men have highest rates of daily alcohol consumption
    • Asian Americans have lowest levels of drinking
  • Opioids
    Depressants, can be illegal substances or prescriptions, cause euphoria and drowsiness
  • Opioid treatments

    • Synthetic opioids: reduce cravings (but can develop tolerance)
    • Contingency management
    • Family counseling
  • Caffeine
    Stimulant, most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world
  • Amphetamines
    Stimulants, prescribed for attention and sleep disorders (like Adderall), cause euphoria, confidence, agitation, psychosis, violence, suicidality
  • Methamphetamine
    Can cause permanent damage to heart
  • Cocaine
    Stimulant, effects are short lived so high potential for addiction, withdrawal causes lethargy and depression, use can sometimes cause psychiatric symptoms (delusions, hallucinations)
  • Treatments for stimulants

    • Contingency management
    • Teaching how to cope with temptation and high-risk situations
  • Hallucinogens
    Cause hallucinations: vivid sensory awareness, derived from natural sources, "good trips" and "bad trips"
  • Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
    Distressing recurrence of hallucinations week or years after drug intake
  • Nicotine
    Releases adrenaline and dopamine
  • Vaping
    Form of nicotine use
  • Nicotine treatments
    • High rate of relapse
    • Medications (like Chantix)
    • Women have harder time with smoking cessation
  • Cannabis
    Marijuana: most commonly used illicit drug, causes euphoria, tranquility, sensory disorientations, anxiety
  • Cannabis treatments
    • CBT, MET, contingency management
  • Inhalants
    Cause stroke, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation
  • MDMA
    Designer drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic properties, causes jaw spasms, euphoria, sensory disorientations, depression
  • Club drugs

    Induce energy, excitement, reduce inhibitions, but have significant crash
  • Combining multiple drugs
    Synergistic effects: interactions between substances intensifies effects, dangerous combos of uppers/downers
  • Biological factors in substance use disorder

    • Alters brain function
    • Genetic factors à strong correlation in families
    • Women are more susceptible to relapse and rapid progression
  • Psychological factors in substance use disorder

    • Half have concurrent psychiatric disorder
    • Stress
    • Behavioral under control: personality characteristics associated with impulsivity and risk taking
  • Social factors in substance use disorder
    • Childhood neglect and stress
    • Adolescence: desire to "fit in", peer pressure, lack of parental monitoring
    • College: transitional period, no supervision, easy access to substances, exposure, social media
  • Sociocultural factors in substance use disorder

    • Social acceptance of drugs is increasing
    • White and Latin Americans
    • Discrimination of LBGTQ youth
  • Treatment for substance use disorder

    • Self-help groups
    • Outpatient and inpatient
    • Section 35
    • 2 phase approach: 1) detoxification and 2) preventing relapse
  • Goals of substance use disorder treatment
    Abstinence, drug-free lifestyle, functioning productively
  • Preventing relapse in substance use disorder

    • Reward system (contingency management)
    • Alter structure and function of brain (neuroplasticity)
    • Motivational enhancement therapy: goal is to get client to take ownership of problem and want to make change
  • Progression of substance use disorder
    1. Initial use
    2. Increasing use
    3. Heavy use
    4. Drug lifestyle
  • Schizophrenia
    Severe end of schizophrenia spectrum, symptoms present for most of the time for at least 1 month, and disturbance persists for at least 6 months, 2+ symptoms- delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, gross motor disturbance, negative symptoms
  • Anosognosia
    Inability to recognize own mental confusion