Compulsive drug seeking behavior and loss of control over drug use
Symptoms of addiction
Withdrawal
Tolerance
Substance use disorder
At least 2 symptoms over a 12-month period that cause significant distress
SUD severity
Mild: 2-3 symptoms
Moderate: 4-5 symptoms
Severe: 6+ symptoms
Symptoms of substance use disorder
Increasingamounts used
Withdrawal is present
Tolerance develops
Substance use interferes with life obligations
Attempts to control use are unsuccessful
Alcohol consumption levels
Moderate: 1 drink for women, 2 drinks for men
Binge: 4+ for women, 5+ for men
Alcohol poisoning
Impaired breathing, coma, death
Alcohol-use disorder
2x more likely for men, progresses quicker in women
Delirium tremens
Life-threatening conditions produced by alcohol withdrawal symptoms
Alcohol treatments
AA
Medications: Antabuse (causes physicalsideeffects when mixed with alcohol) and naltrexone (reduces urges to drink)
Sociocultural factors for alcohol use
Native Americans drink at earliest age
Males drink more
Latin American men have highest rates of daily alcohol consumption
Asian Americans have lowest levels of drinking
Opioids
Depressants, can be illegal substances or prescriptions, cause euphoria and drowsiness
Opioid treatments
Synthetic opioids: reduce cravings (but can develop tolerance)
Contingency management
Family counseling
Caffeine
Stimulant, most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world
Amphetamines
Stimulants, prescribed for attention and sleep disorders (like Adderall), cause euphoria, confidence, agitation, psychosis, violence, suicidality
Methamphetamine
Can cause permanent damage to heart
Cocaine
Stimulant, effects are short lived so high potential for addiction, withdrawal causes lethargy and depression, use can sometimes cause psychiatricsymptoms (delusions, hallucinations)
Treatments for stimulants
Contingency management
Teaching how to cope with temptation and high-risk situations
Hallucinogens
Cause hallucinations: vivid sensory awareness, derived from natural sources, "good trips" and "bad trips"
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
Distressing recurrence of hallucinations week or years after drug intake
Nicotine
Releases adrenaline and dopamine
Vaping
Form of nicotine use
Nicotine treatments
High rate of relapse
Medications (like Chantix)
Women have harder time with smoking cessation
Cannabis
Marijuana: most commonly used illicit drug, causes euphoria, tranquility, sensory disorientations, anxiety
Cannabis treatments
CBT, MET, contingency management
Inhalants
Cause stroke, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation
MDMA
Designer drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic properties, causes jaw spasms, euphoria, sensory disorientations, depression
Club drugs
Induce energy, excitement, reduce inhibitions, but have significant crash
Combining multiple drugs
Synergisticeffects: interactions between substances intensifies effects, dangerous combos of uppers/downers
Biological factors in substance use disorder
Alters brain function
Genetic factors à strong correlation in families
Women are more susceptible to relapse and rapid progression
Psychological factors in substance use disorder
Half have concurrent psychiatric disorder
Stress
Behavioral under control: personality characteristics associated with impulsivity and risk taking
Social factors in substance use disorder
Childhood neglect and stress
Adolescence: desire to "fit in", peer pressure, lack of parental monitoring
College: transitional period, no supervision, easy access to substances, exposure, social media
Sociocultural factors in substance use disorder
Social acceptance of drugs is increasing
White and Latin Americans
Discrimination of LBGTQ youth
Treatment for substance use disorder
Self-help groups
Outpatient and inpatient
Section 35
2 phase approach: 1) detoxification and 2) preventing relapse
Alter structure and function of brain (neuroplasticity)
Motivational enhancement therapy: goal is to get client to take ownership of problem and want to make change
Progression of substance use disorder
1. Initial use
2. Increasing use
3. Heavy use
4. Drug lifestyle
Schizophrenia
Severe end of schizophrenia spectrum, symptoms present for most of the time for at least 1 month, and disturbance persists for at least 6 months, 2+ symptoms- delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, gross motor disturbance, negative symptoms