Unit 8

• Buddhism: founded by Siddhartha Gautama in India, focuses on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path to achieve enlightenment and end suffering
• Hinduism: one of the oldest religions, originated in India, believes in reincarnation and karma, and has many gods and goddesses
• Daoism (Taoism): originated in China, emphasizes living in harmony with nature and the Tao (the way), and has a focus on meditation and simplicity
• Confucianism: founded by Confucius in China, emphasizes moral values, respect for elders, and the importance of education and social order
• Shintoism: indigenous religion of Japan, focuses on the worship of kami (spirits or gods) and the importance of nature and purity
• Christianity: based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, believes in one God and the Holy Trinity, and has many different denominations
• Islam: founded by the prophet Muhammad in Arabia, believes in one God (Allah) and the importance of the Five Pillars of Islam, including prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage to Mecca
• Hinduism and Buddhism are the major influences on Indian art
• The Ajanta and Ellora caves are famous for their rock-cut architecture and paintings
• Mughal art is known for its intricate miniature paintings and calligraphy
• The Taj Mahal is a famous example of Mughal architecture
• Indian art is characterized by bright colors, intricate patterns, and religious themes
• Hinduism and Buddhism also heavily influenced Southeast Asian art
• Angkor Wat in Cambodia is a famous example of Khmer architecture and sculpture
• Borobudur in Indonesia is a famous example of Buddhist architecture and sculpture
• Batik is a popular textile art form in Indonesia and Malaysia
• Shadow puppetry is a traditional form of theater in Indonesia and Thailand
• Calligraphy: art of writing Chinese characters
• Porcelain: fine ceramic ware
• Silk: luxurious fabric used for painting and embroidery
• Landscape painting: depicts natural scenery
• Jade: precious stone used for carving
• Ukiyo-e: woodblock prints depicting everyday life
• Zen Buddhism: influence on art and aesthetics
• Samurai culture: depicted in art and armor
• Tea ceremony: influenced ceramics and pottery
• Shintoism: influence on nature-based art
• Celadon: green-glazed pottery
• Joseon Dynasty: period of great artistic achievement
• Buddhist art: influenced by Chinese and Indian styles
• Folk art: influenced by shamanism and Confucianism
• Minhwa: traditional Korean folk painting
• Gandharan


  First colossal Buddhas, two huge standing Buddhas, one 175 feet tall, the other 115 feet tall, found in Afghanistan
• Jowo Rinpoche


  Statue thought to have been blessed by the Buddha himself, believed to have been crafted in India during his lifetime, said to have his likeness, brought to Tibet in 641
• Great Stupa


  Buddhist shrine, mound shaped and faced with dressed stone containing the relics of the Buddha, worshipper circumambulates the stupa clockwise along the base of the drum, circular motion suggests the endless cycle of birth and rebirth
• Borobudur Temple


  Massive Buddhist monument containing 504 life-size Buddhas, 1,460 narrative relief sculptures on 1,300 panels 8,200 feet long, 72 openwork stupas containing a Buddha, each with a preaching mudra, divided into three sections representing three levels of Buddhist cosmology
• Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja)


  Cast bronze sculpture of Shiva with four hands, one hand sounds the drum that he dances to, another carries a flame of destruction, the other two offer the abhaya mudra, a gesture that allays fear, epicene quality showing an idealized, nearly nude, male figure, flying locks of hair terminate in rearing cobra heads, often depicted in a flaming nimbus, vigorously dancing with one foot on a dwarf, the Demon of Ignorance
• Lakshmana Temple


  Hindu temple placed on a high pedestal, or plinth, to be seen from a distance, compact proportions, east/west axis to receive direct rays from the rising sun, the building is a series of shapes that build to become a large tower, the sculpture on the surface harmoniously integrates with the architecture, the figures are sensuous with revealing clothing, erotic poses symbolize regeneration, sexuality is frankly expressed
• Khajuraho temple


  • Compact proportions
  • East/west axis: it receives direct rays from the rising sun
  • Series of shapes that build to become a large tower
  • Complicated intertwining of similar forms called a shikara
• Garbha griha


  The "embryo" room containing the shrine