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• Northern Hemisphere


  Directly affected by the summer season
• Day of the year in the southern hemisphere with the longest period of daylight


  December 21/22
• Northern Hemisphere experiences summer


  Days are longer than nights
• How long does the Earth rotate on its axis

  24 hours/ 1 day
• How long does it take the Earth to make one revolution around the sun

  365 1/4 days
• Most abundant element in the Earth's atmosphere

  78 % Nitrogen
• Land breeze

  1. Wind blows from land towards the sea

  2. Cool air sink on land

  3. Wind blows from an area of low pressure to high pressure

  4. Warm air expand and rise on sea
• Sea breeze


  Wind blows from sea towards the land
• Warm air rises


  Cold air moves downward
• What happens when air is heated

  Air expands
• What makes the soil fertile

  Because of humus
• Factors that have the greatest influence on soil formation

  • Temperature and rainfall
• Air from land moves out

  To replace the rising warm air
• Characteristics of land that make it acquire and lose heat easily

  • Land is dark-colored and rough
• Why are greenhouse gases similar to the glass in the greenhouse


  Trap the heat travels back to the earth
• Gases that comprise the Earth's atmosphere


  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Other gases
• Phenomenon attributed to the greenhouse effect

  Global warming
• Correct order of Earth's atmospheric layers from bottom to top


  • Troposphere
  • Stratosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Thermosphere
  • Exosphere
• More heat trapped in earth's atmosphere


  A warmer Earth will rise
• Why are coal, natural gas, and petroleum considered nonrenewable resources

  It takes a long time to produce them
• Materials that can be recycled


  • Plastic and glass bottles
  • Aluminum and steel cans
  • Paper
• Examples of conserving energy wisely


  • Switch off lights when not in use
  • Recycle materials like paper and glass containers
  • Turn off electrical appliances when they are not in use
• Why natural gas is a clean fuel

  It burns completely producing very little pollution
• Solar energy is available in abundant quantity and free to use
• Solar energy can only be used during daytime but not in nighttime or rainy season
• Statements about energy resources


  • They destroy the ecosystem
  • They release pollutants in the atmosphere
  • They need relocation of people
  • They produce cheaper electricity
• Type of energy resource utilized through windmill

  Wind energy
• Primary source of geothermal energy


  Steam from earth's crust
• Processes involved in the formation of soil from rocks


  1. Expansion

  2. Contraction

  3. Weathering
• Why is humus an important part of the soil

  It is rich in nutrients which is important for fertility of the soil where all plants grow
• Drawing that illustrates when a piece of rock is exposed to the sun and its outer part expands because it heats up faster than the inner part

  • Drawing A
• Drawing that describes how bacteria and small plants grow in the cracks of the rock

  • Drawing D
• Drawing that describes the outer part of the rock that cools faster than the inner portion at nighttime

  • Drawing B
• Estimated location of Manila, Philippines on the globe

  14N, 121E
• Reference line used at 0 degrees in locating places on the globe using the lines of longitude

  Prime Meridian
• Lines of longitude


  Imaginary lines meet at the poles
• Temperature closer to the equator


  Places near the equator have higher temperature
• Correct way of writing the location of places on Earth


  Start with latitude and then longitude
• Positions of sun, moon, and earth during a new moon


  Moon is between the earth and sun
• If the moon had only one phase which is full moon


  It will be difficult for fishermen to catch fish