REVIEWER NI MJAY

• Communication


  Continuous process that operates in a certain context (system) in which people exchange words, gestures, and other nonverbal (symbols) to create and understand information or messages (meaning)
• Communication


  Continuous and dynamic activity where individuals participate, involving the exchange of information through various models
• System


  In communication, it consists of interrelated parts that influence each other, such as culture, affecting how messages are communicated and interpreted
• Symbols


  Language, spoken or written words, facial expressions, gestures, and voice qualities used to convey messages
• Meanings


  Attached to symbols, aiming for shared understanding between communicators at both content and relationship levels
• Elements of Communication (Lasswell, 1948)


  • Who?
  • Says What?
  • Which Channel?
  • To Whom?
  • With what effect?
• Components of Communication (Pearson et al., 2011)


  • People
  • Message
  • Channel
  • Feedback
  • Code
  • Encoding and Decoding
  • Noise or Barrier
• People


  Individuals involved in communication, taking on roles as both the source and receiver of messages
• Message


  The content communicated, either verbally or non-verbally, conveying ideas, thoughts, or feelings
• Channel


  The medium through which messages are delivered
• Feedback


  The response from the receiver to the source's message, providing insight into the effectiveness of communication
• Code


  A systematic arrangement of symbols used to create meaning in communication
• Encoding and Decoding


  The processes of translating ideas into codes and assigning meaning to messages, respectively
• Noise or Barrier


  Interference in the communication process that affects the clarity and understanding of messages
• Linear/Transition Model


  • One-way transmission model where communication flows straightforwardly from a sender to a receiver
• Interactive Model


  • Two-way communication model involving interaction between sender and receiver, influenced by shared experiences
• Transactional Model


  • Dynamic model where communication is a continuous exchange of symbols between communicators within various systems, emphasizing the importance of culture and context
• Ethics


  Deals with one's judgement of rightness or wrongness, appropriateness or inappropriateness of course of action and decision. Set of moral principles guiding the society to maintain social order
• Ethical Guidelines


  • Honest
  • Awareness
  • Value Diversity and Respect
  • Just and Fair
• Personal Context


  Involves the background of both the sender and the receiver of the message. It includes their education, religion, socioeconomic status, marital status, and beliefs that greatly influence what and how they communicate
• Physical Context


  Pertains to the environment where communication takes place. It involves tangible factors which can be easily perceived by the senses, such as temperature, humidity, odor, lighting, and noise level, among others
• Social Context


  Refers to the kind of relationship that exists between the sender and the receiver
• Psychological Context


  Includes the emotions and feelings of the participants in the communication process. It involves their opinions, judgments, prejudices, attitudes and perception towards each other
• Cultural Context


  One of the vital considerations in communication. It includes the sets of beliefs, value systems, guiding principles, and assumptions
• Culture


  A set of unique and shared beliefs, norms, values, and that guide a certain group of people on how to think, behave, and act
• Cultural Dimensions


  • Individualism vs Collectivism
  • Low-Context vs High-Context
  • Monochronic vs Polychronic
  • Low vs High Uncertainty Avoidance
  • Low vs High Power Distance
  • Masculinity vs Femininity
  • Short-Term vs Long-Term Orientation
• Individualism


  Puts premium on self and personal fulfilment
• Collectivism


  Values teamwork and collaboration
• Low-Context Culture


  Views explicit words as way to convey messages
• High-Context Culture


  Uses subtle non-verbal behaviors and implicit
• Monochronic


  Cultures advocate punctuality, completion of tasks, and timely accomplishment of one task at a time
• Polychronic


  Has a more fluid and flexible concept of time
• Low Uncertainty Avoidance


  Tolerant, unpredictable, uncontrollable situations. It usually maintains as few rules as possible and allows for the spontaneity of responses to situations
• High Uncertainty Avoidance


  Values precision and always attempts to anticipate risks to possibly reduce them
• Low Power Distance


  Values equal distribution of power
• High Power Distance


  Recognizes that unequal distribution of power is normal
• Masculinity


  Advocates for strict adherence to gender roles and behaviors. This culture, masculine roles is more valued than feminine
• Femininity


  Based on the premise that men and women assume varieties of roles and thus, are both valued regardless of their sex and gender
• Long-Term Orientation


  More laid back that it has more patience in waiting for the outcomes of an action. It values perseverance towards the achievement of goals
• Short-Term Orientation


  Characterized by being very performance-driven. It emphasizes fulfillment, obligations, quick results