Psych revision - learning and memory

• What are the three stages in classical conditioning?

  before conditioning, during conditioning, after conditioning
• What elements are in before conditioning?

  The neutral stimulus (NS) causes no response and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) cause the unconditioned response (UCR)
• What elements are in during conditioning?

  The neutral stimulus (NS) + the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) = the unconditioned response (UCR)
• what elements are in after conditioning?

  the conditioned stimulus (CS) = the conditioned response (CR)
• What is classical conditioning?

  Classical conditioning is a three-phase process (before conditioning, during conditioning, after conditioning) that results in the involuntary association between a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response
• What is operant conditioning?

  Operant conditioning is a three-phase process (antecedent, behaviour, consequence) involving reinforcement (positive and negative) and punishment (positive and negative)
• What is antecedent?

  any environmental stimulus that triggers an action
• What is behaviour?

  any action
• What is consequence?

  something that makes the behaviour more or less likely to occur again.
• What are the different types of consequences?

  consequences can either increase or decrease behaviour. identify whether you think the consequence is positive/negative reinforcement OR positive/negative punishment
• What is reinforcement?

  - ALWAYS increases/strengthens behaviour

  Positive = ADDING a desirable stimulus

  Negative = REMOVING an undesirable stimulus
• What is punishment?

  - ALWAYS decreases/weakens behaviour

  Positive = ADDING an undesirable stimulus

  Negative = REMOVING a desirable stimulus
• What are reinforcement/punishment referred to sometimes?

  Learning principles
• How to identify learning principles from a scenario?

  Step 1: is the behaviour being increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment)?

  Step 2: is something being ADDED (positive) or Something being REMOVED (negative)
• What is observational learning?

  Observational learning as a process involving attention, retention, reproduction, motivation and reinforcement
• What is attention?

  The learner must actively watch the models behaviour and their consequences
• What factors influence attention:

  - whether the individual is motivated to learn

  - whether the individual believes they can imitate the behaviour

  - we are more likely to pay attention if the model is viewed in a positive way
• What is retention?

  The learner must retain a mental representation of the model's behaviour for future use.
• What is reproduction?

  the learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to reproduce the behaviour.
• What is motivation?

  the learner must have the desire to perform the behaviour
• What is reinforcement?

  The consequence of the behaviour influences the learners' likelihood of reproducing the behaviour in the future.
• What are the three different types of reinforcement in observational learning?

  Vicarious - watching others

  External - receiving something

  Self - internal pride
• What is Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander ways of knowing?

  Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander ways of knowing is where learning is viewed as being embedded in relationships where the learner is part of a multimodal system of knowledge partnered on country
• What is connection to country?

  Indigenous ways of knowing are rooted in a deep respect for the ecology and an understanding of the importance of the connected relationships with the land.
• What are the 8 ways of knowing?

  1. Story sharing

  2. learning maps

  3. non-verbal

  4. symbols and images

  5. land links

  6. non-linear

  7. deconstruct/

  reconstruct

  8. community links
• What is story sharing?

  Approaching learning through narrative. We connect through the stories we share.
• What are symbols and images?

  Using images and metaphors to understand concepts and content. We keep and share knowledge with art and objects.
• What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model of memory?

  The Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model of memory in the encoding, storage and retrieval of stored information in sensory, short-term and long-term memory stores.
• Stages of memory

  SENSORY INFORMATION (e.g. visual info) to SENSORY MEMORY (information is lost if not attended to). With ATTENTION it goes to SHORT-TERM MEMORY (information decays or is displaced if not rehearsed) through ENCODING it goes to LTM and through RETIREVAL it can go from the LTM to the STM.
• What are the two first sub categories of LTM?

  Implicit and explicit memories
• What are explicit memories?

  Memory that is consciously or intentionally recalled
• What are implicit memories?

  Memory that is subconsciously or unintentionally recalled
• What are the two types of explicit memories?

  semantic and episodic
• what are semantic memories?

  facts, general knowledge
• What are episodic memories?

  personal experiences
• What are the two types of implicit memories?

  procedural memories and classically conditioned responses
• What are procedural memories?

  simple motor responses
• What is an example of simple classically conditioned responses?

  fear and anxiety
• What is the role for sensory memory?

  - entry point for sensory info

  - filters out unnecessary info

  - stores info long enough so that we perceive the world as continuous
• What is the capacity for sensory memory?

  unlimited