rdl

• Research Design


  The overall strategy that a researcher uses to logically and coherently integrate the components of a study
• Types of Research Design

  • Descriptive
  • Correlational
  • Ex Post Facto
  • Quasi-Experimental
  • Experimental
  • Prototyping
• Descriptive Research Design


  • Aims to observe and report on a phenomenon, manifestation of behavior or traits
• Correlational Research Design


  • Determines association among variables
• Ex Post Facto Research Design


  • Aims to infer a cause from the already existing effects
• Quasi-Experimental Research Design


  • Aims to establish causal relationship with intervention
• Experimental Research Design


  • Aims to establish causal relationship with intervention
• Prototyping Research Design


  • Improve planning and execution of creative designs
• Sampling


  The process of selecting individuals, units, or groups to be analyzed during the conduct of the study
• Generalizability


  The extent your findings can be applied in other contexts
• Determining Sample Size


  • Heuristic
  • Literature Review
  • Formulas
  • Power Analysis
• Statistical Power


  Probability that there is, indeed, a relationship between the independent and dependent variable (80%)
• Effect Size


  The degree of the difference between the control and treatment groups (t-test= 0.2, 0.5, 0.8; r= 0.1, 0.3, 0.5)
• Probability Sampling Methods


  • Simple Random
  • Stratified Random
  • Cluster
  • Systematic
  • Interval
• Simple Random Sampling


  All members of the population have an equal chance of being selected (e.g. Fish Bowl Technique)
• Stratified Random Sampling


  The population is divided into subgroups or strata
• Cluster Sampling


  Grouping the population into clusters
• Systematic Sampling


  Participants are selected based on their order on a list or predetermined interval
• Interval Sampling


  Divide the population size by the sample size
• Developing a Research Instrument

  • Adopt a research Instrument
  • Modify an existing research instrument
  • Create your own research instrument
• Instrument Validity


  • Face Validity
  • Content Validity
  • Construct Validity
  • Criterion Validity
  • Concurrent Validity
  • Predictive Validity
• Face Validity


  Does not ensure that the instrument has actual validity
• Content Validity


  Covers specific elements of the variable to be measured
• Construct Validity


  The instrument is able to detect what should exist theoretically
• Criterion Validity


  Evaluated through statistical methods
• Concurrent Validity


  Predict the results similar to a test validated in the past
• Predictive Validity


  Produces results similar to those of other instruments that will be employed in the future
• Instrument Reliability


  • Test-Retest
  • Equivalent Forms
  • Internal Consistency
  • Inter Rater
• Test-Retest Reliability


  Administering an instrument twice to the same group
• Equivalent Forms Reliability


  Administering two identical tests in all aspects except for the actual wording of items
• Internal Consistency Reliability


  How well the items in two instruments measure the same construct
• Inter Rater Reliability


  Measures the consistency of scores assigned by two or more raters on a certain set of results
• Planning the Data Gathering Procedure


  • Develop data collection instruments and materials
  • Seek permission to the authorities
  • Use appropriate sampling technique
  • Train the researchers or other people
  • Obtain informed consent from participants
  • Pilot-test the instruments
• Informed Consent


  A document that explains the objectives of the study and extent of participant's involvement, and ensures confidentiality of participant information and responses
• During Data Collection

  • Provide instructions to the participants
  • Administer the instruments
  • Utilize triangulation
• Triangulation


  A technique for validating data using two or more sources and methods
• After Data Collection


  • Immediately encode or transcribe data
  • Safeguard the confidentiality of data
  • Examine and analyze data using appropriate statistical tools
• Data Analysis


  The use of statistical tests to address research questions and objectives
• Types of Data Analysis

  • Univariate
  • Bivariate
  • Multivariate
• Descriptive Statistics


  • Frequencies
  • Percentages
  • Range
  • Measures of Central Tendency (mean, median, mode)