NCD

• 4 major non-communicable diseases (NCD) or chronic diseases or lifestyle-related diseases

  • Cardiovascular Disease
  • Cancer
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • Diabetes Mellitus
• Other NCD to be prevented and controlled

  • Mental disorders
  • Blindness
  • Renal disease
  • Programs for persons with disabilities
• Integrated community-based NCD prevention and control program

  • Aimed at preventing the 4 major NCD
  • Linked to 3 major risk factors: smoking, physical activity, and unhealthy diet
• In the Philippines, urbanization and lifestyle changes have brought about a considerable change on the health status
• Globalization and social change influenced the spread of NCD
• Health educator

  • Major strategies are health promotion and health education
  • Essential tool to achieve community health
  • Concern with promoting health as well as reducing behavior-induced diseases
• Health educator aims to

  • Inform the people
  • Motivate the people
  • Guide the people into action
• Cardiovascular Diseases


  Diseases of the heart and blood vessels
• Types of Cardiovascular Diseases

  • Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure
  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
  • Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke

  
• Hypertension (HPN) or High Blood Pressure

  • Sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure
  • Major risk factor for the development of other CVDs like Coronary Heart Disease or Stroke
  • Not a single disease state but a disorder with many causes, a variety of symptoms and a range of responses to therapy
• Types of Hypertension

  • Primary Hypertension
  • Secondary Hypertension
• Primary Hypertension

  • No definite cause but it is attributed to atherosclerosis
  • Also known as Essential hypertension or Idiopathic hypertension
• Secondary Hypertension

  Result from other diseases that leads to hypertension such as renal diseases
• Risk Factors for Hypertension

  • Family History
  • Age
  • Race
  • High salt intake – salt causes elevation in blood volume
• Lifestyle Factors for Hypertension

  • Obesity
  • Excess alcohol consumption
  • Stress
• Prevention of Hypertension

  • Encourage proper nutrition
  • Smoking cessation
  • Regular check-ups
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)


  • Heart disease caused by impaired coronary blood flow
  • Also known as Ischemic Heart Disease
  • Can cause myocardial infarction (heart attack), arrhythmias, heart failure and sudden death
• Causes of Coronary Artery Diseases

  • Atherosclerosis - thickening of the inside wall of the arteries due to deposition of fat-like substance
  • When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged, supply of blood and oxygen to the heart muscle is affected
  • When there is decreased oxygen supply to the heart muscle, chest pain occurs (angina)
• Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease

  • Family History
  • Age
  • Race
  • Sex
  • Elevated blood lipids (Low Density Lipoprotein)
  • Hypertension
  • Smoking
  • DM
  • Obesity
  • Stress

  
• Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease

  • Regular exercises & physical activity
  • Proper nutrition – limit salt intake, limit saturated fats
  • Stop smoking
  • Early diagnosis & prompt treatment
• Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke

  • Loss of alteration of bodily function that results from an insufficient supply of blood to some parts of the brain
  • If blood is obstructed for more than several minutes, injury to the brain cells becomes permanent and tissue dies in the affected region resulting in cerebral infarction
  • One of the leading causes of disability

  
• Symptoms/Effects of Cerebrovascular Disease

  • Weakness or paralysis usually 1 side of the body
  • Slurring of speech
• Three Types of Stroke and its Etiology or Causes

  • Thrombolytic stroke - usually occurs in atherosclerotic blood vessels commonly seen in older people
  • Embolic stroke - caused by a clot that travels from somewhere else in the body, usually from the heart
  • Hemorrhagic stroke - most fatal type of stroke, rupture of intracerebral blood vessel
• Cancer

  • Develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control
  • Cancer cells continue to grow and divide even when there is no need to do so; they compete with normal cells for the blood supply and nutrients
  • Metastasis: CA cells gets into the bloodstream or lymph vessels and can travel to other parts of the body and begin to grow and replace normal cells
  • There are many types of cancers as there are three types of tissues in the body

  
• Risk Factors of Cancer

  • Hereditary/family history
  • Carcinogens - agent capable of causing cancer, maybe chemical, environmental agent, radiation
  • Polycyclic hydrocarbon - are chemicals found in cigarette smoke, industrial agents and in smoked foods
  • Benzopyrene - produced when meat and fish are charcoal broiled or smoked, also produced when food is fried in fat that has been reused repeatedly
  • Nitrosamines - powerful carcinogens used as preservatives in foods like tocino, longanisa, bacon, hotdogs
  • Radiation - UV rays from sunlight and x-rays
  • Viruses
  • Aflatoxin- found in peanuts and peanut butter
• Prevention for Cancer

  • Smoking cessation
  • Encourage proper nutrition - increase intake of dietary fibers, limit consumption if smoked, charcoal-broiled, salt cured foods
  • Drink alcohol beverages in moderation
  • Control obesity
  • Early diagnosis and prompt treatment
• Diabetes Mellitus

  • Genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance with hyperglycemia present at time of diagnosis
  • Etiology/cause: Depends on the type of diabetes. Two predisposing factors include genetic predisposition and environment/lifestyle
• Types of Diabetes Mellitus

  • Type I- Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
  • Type II- Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
  • Gestational Diabetes
• Type I Diabetes Mellitus

  • Characterized by absolute lack of insulin due to damaged pancreas
  • Dependent on insulin injections
  • Genetic, environmental or maybe acquired
• Type II Diabetes Mellitus

  • More common, 90-95% of all person with obesity and diet
  • Possible cause include impaired insulin secretion and increased hepatic glucose production
  • Usually in older and overweight persons
• Gestational Diabetes

  • Develops during pregnancy and may lead to type II DM
  • If there's still a high blood sugar after the pregnancy, it may be type II DM
• Risk Factors of Type II Diabetes Mellitus

  • Family history
  • Overweight and obesity
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Hypertension
• Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Chronic renal disease
  • Blindness/retinopathy
  • CAD/Stroke
  • Foot ulcers
• Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus

  • Encourage proper nutrition
  • Maintain body weight and prevent obesity
  • Promote regular exercise
  • Smoking cessation
• Screening for Diabetes Mellitus

  • Ask the patient (for adults 20 years and above): Family history of diabetes, Polyuria, Polydypsia, Polyphagia, Unexplained weight loss
  • Fasting blood sugar
  • 2 hours postprandial test
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  • Major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide- 4th leading cause of mortality
  • Disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible
  • The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gasses

  
• Causes and Risk Factors of COPD

  • Smoking is the primary cause of COPD
  • It is usually due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema
  • Age
• Primary Symptoms and Primary Diagnosis of COPD

  • Cough
  • Sputum production
  • Dyspnea
• Complications of COPD

  • Respiratory failure
  • Cardiovascular disease
• Bronchial Asthma

  • A chronic disease (chronic inflammation = hyperresponsiveness of airways)
  • Inflammatory disorder of the airways
  • These episode is reversible spontaneously or by treatment
  • Causes: genetics or environment component