Physio Bio Week 3

• Two major parts of Nervous System

  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
• Central nervous system

  • brain and spinal cord.
• Peripheral nervous system

  • outside the central nervous system
  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
• Human Brain - 1.5kg of a pink-beige with a jelly like consistency and
• Human brain parts

  • Brain stem
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
• Brainstem - A stalk like part of the brain consisting of medulla oblongata, the midbrain, and the pons, which joins the brain to the spinal cord.
• Cerebrum - The largest portion of the brain, which is divided into two hemispheres.
• Cerebellum - The portion of the brain between the cerebrum and the brainstem. It is important for learning and coordinating complex movements.
• Spinal Cord is a tube-shaped structure that runs from the base of the brain down through a series of bony rings known as vertebrae.
• The peripheral nervous system

  • connect the CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin
  • allows the brain and spinal cord to receive and send information to other areas of the body
• somatic nervous system

  • controls the skeletal muscles of the body
  • body movements
• somatic system consist of two major neurons

  • Motor neurons
  • Sensory neurons
• Motor neurons

  • efferent neurons
  • These motor neurons allow us to take physical action in response to stimuli in the environment.
• Sensory neurons

  • afferent neurons
  • sensory neurons that allow us to take in sensory information and send it to the brain and spinal cord.
• autonomic system - is the part of the peripheral nervous system that's responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as blood flow, heartbeat, digestion, and breathing.
• Two branches of Autonomic System

  • Parasympathetic System
  • Sympathetic System
• Parasympathetic system- This helps maintain normal body functions and conserve physical resources.

  • Normal resting rate
• Sympathetic system - regulating the flight-or-fight response
• Enteric nervous system (ENS) - control of the digestive tract and associated structures.
• Neurons - are the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells.
• Neurons - are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites
• cell body - a neuron contains all of the components that allow the cell to function

  • specialized for its particular functions
• Axon - is the output side of the neuron. Unlike the dendrites, there is usually only one axon emanating from each cell body.
• Dendrites - Every neuron has an input and an output. These are the input side of the neuron.

  • specialized areas for receiving chemicals released by other neurons.
  • like branches of tree in winter
• Neurotransmitters - A chemical that is released by a neuron and travels across the synapse
• Acetylcholine

  Function

  • Enables muscle action
  • Learning
  • Memory

  Example of Malfunction

  • Alzheimer's
• Dopamine

  Function

  • Influences movement
  • Learning
  • Attention
  • Emotion

  Example of Malfunction

  • Schizophrenia
  • Parkinson's
• Seratonin

  Function

  • Affects Mood
  • Sleep
  • Hunger
  • Arousal

  Example of Malfunction

  • Depression
• Norepinephrine

  Function

  • Help control awareness
  • Arousal

  Example of Malfunction

  • Depress mood
• GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)

  Function

  • Major inhibitory neurotransmitter

  Example of Malfunction

  • Seizure
  • Tremors
  • Insomia
• Glutamate

  Function

  • Major excitatory neurotransmitter
  • involved in memory

  Example of Malfunction

  • Brain - Migraine
  • Seizure

  People avoid MSG
• Tract - bundles of neurons like axons that often travel bundled together. In the Central Nervous System.
• Myelin sheath - A white fatty material

  • insulates the neurons and permits the rapid transmission of electrical signals along the axon.
• Glia – An interconnected set of neurons that is needed for a functioning nervous system.
• glial cells or neuroglia, are non- neuronal cells.

  +They maintain homeostasis , -form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons