6

• Health Promotion


  Any combination of health education and related organizational, economic, and environmental supports for the behavior of individuals, groups, or communities conducive to health
• Health Protection


  Behaviors in which one engages with the specific intent to: prevent disease, detect disease in the early stages, maximize health within the constraints of disease
• Health Protection

  • Immunization
  • Cervical cancer screening
• Risk


  The probability that a specific event will occur in a given time frame
• Risk Factor


  An exposure that is associated with a disease
• Criteria for Establishing a Risk Factor

  • The frequency of the disease varies by category or amount of the factor
  • The risk factor must precede the onset of the disease
  • The association's concern must not be due to any source of error
• Other Criteria by Friis and Sellers (2004)

  • Strength of the Association
  • Consistency with Repetition
  • Specificity
  • Plausibility
• Risk Assessment

  1. Hazard Identification

  2. Risk Description

  3. Exposure Assessment

  4. Risk Estimation
• Health is directly related to


  The activities in which we participate, the food we eat, the substances to which we are exposed daily
• Types of Risks

  • Modifiable Risk Factors
  • Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
• Risk Reduction


  A proactive process in which individuals participate in behaviors that enable them to react to actual or potential threats to their health
• Risk Communication


  The process through which the public receives information regarding possible or actual threats to health
• Diet is one of the most modifiable risk factors
• Healthy diet contributes to the prevention of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, cancers
• An individual's body weight is determined by a complex interplay among metabolism, genetics, behavior, environment, culture, socioeconomic status
• Reasons why people engage in physical activity


  • Achieve weight management
  • Increased energy
  • Better appearance
  • Fit into favorite clothes
  • Prevent the development or worsening of a chronic health condition
  • Manage stress
  • Improve mood and self-esteem
• Sleep needs by age group

  • Newborns (1-2 months): 10.5-18 hours
  • Infants (3-11 months): 9-12 hours during the night and 30-minute to 2-hour naps, 1-4 times a day
  • Toddlers (1-3 years): 12-14 hours
  • Preschoolers (3-5 years): 11-13 hours
  • School-aged children (5-12 years): 10-11 hours
  • Teens (11-17 years): 8.5-9.25 hours
  • Adults and older adults: 7-9 hours
• Sleep needs are regulated by

  • The number of hours we are awake
  • Circadian biological clock in the brain (suprachiasmatic nucleus which responds to light)
• Smoking prevalence rate (age 15 and older)

  • 48% for male
  • 9% for female
• Withdrawal symptoms experienced by smokers trying to quit

  • Anxiety
  • Increased appetite
  • Irritability
  • Difficulty concentrating
• Helpful actions to quit smoking

  • Nicotine replacement
  • Pharmaceutical alternatives
  • Hypnosis
  • Acupuncture
• Alcohol is the most commonly abused drug
• Definitions of drinking terms

  • Heavy Drinking: Consuming more than 2 drinks per day for men, or more than 1 drink per day for women
  • Binge Drinking: Drinking 5 or more drinks on a single occasion for men, or 4 or more drinks on a single occasion for women
  • Excessive Drinking: Takes the form of heavy drinking, binge drinking, or both
• Health Promotion


  A process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
• Prerequisites for health

  • Peace
  • Shelter
  • Education
  • Food
  • Income
  • Stable ecosystem
  • Sustainable resources
  • Social justice and equity
• 3 basic strategies for health promotion


  • Advocacy for health to provide for the conditions and resources essential for health
  • Enabling all people to attain their full health potential
  • Mediating among the different sectors of society in efforts to achieve health
• Build Healthy Public Policy


  • HP puts health on the agenda of policy makers in all sectors and at all levels, directing them to be aware of health consequences of their decisions and to accept the responsibilities for health
• Create Supportive Environment


  • The inextricable links between people and their environment constitute the basis for socio-ecological approach to health, with the need to encourage reciprocal maintenance
• Strengthen Community Actions


  • HP works through concrete and effective community actions in setting priorities, making decisions, planning strategies, and implementing them to achieve better health, with the empowerment of the communities and their ownership and control of their own endeavors and destinies
• Develop Personal Skills

  • HP supports personal and social development through providing information education for health and enhancing life skills, increasing the options available to people to exercise more control over their health and their environments to make choices conducive to health
• Reorient Health Services

  • The responsibility for HP in health services is shared among individuals, community groups, health professionals, health service institutions, and governments, who must work together towards a health care system that contributes the pursuit of health
• Health Education


  The process of changing people's knowledge, skills, and attitudes for health promotion and risk reduction
• Public Health Workers


  Participate in health education by empowering people so that they are able to achieve optimum health and prevent disease by bringing about lifestyle changes and reducing exposure to health risks in the environment
• Patient Education


  A series of planned teaching and learning activities designed for individuals, families, and groups with an identified alteration in health, to aid the client in coping with the event, prevent complications or deterioration of the client's condition, and in cases of communicable diseases, to prevent transmission of the disease
• Differences between Health Education and Patient Education

  • Health Education: Teaching a woman on the need for regular prenatal consultations, instructing a family on the methods of water purification that can be done at home, holding a class on breastfeeding for first-time pregnant women
  • Patient Education: Instructing the mother how to prepare and administer oral rehydrating solution to a child with diarrhea, conducting a group session on diabetic care
• Basic principles that guide the effective PH educator

  • Message
  • Format
  • Environment
  • Experience
  • Participation
  • Evaluation
• Strategies and tools for effective health education


  • Printed materials
  • Audiovisual presentations
  • Face-to-face lecture discussions
  • Demonstrations with return demonstration
  • Online resources
• Individual characteristics of learners


  • Developmental and educational levels
• In the Philippines, CHWs are called BHWs (Barangay Health Workers)
• Role of CHWs/BHWs

  Developing competencies that will enable them to provide primary care services to their own community or neighborhood, being knowledgeable about the community, health issues such as common illnesses and communicable diseases, and available resources including the referral system