Anatomy lecture pdf

• Major subjects in veterinary medicine


  • Zootechniques
  • Anatomy
  • Physiology
  • Microbiology
  • Parasitology
  • Pathology
  • Pharmacology
  • Medicine and Surgery
• Anatomy


  Deals with the normal body parts of the animal
• Physiology


  Deals with the normal body functions in relation to body parts
• Microbiology


  Deals with microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi & diseases with uncertain taxonomic classification (mycoplasma, urea plasma, chlamydia, anaplasia, rickettsia)
• Parasitology


  Deals with parasites such as worms, insects, arachnids, protozoans
• Pathology


  Deals with diseases as reflections of body response to injuries & insults
• Pharmacology


  Deals with drugs, recommended dosages & indications
• Medicine and Surgery


  Deals with the nature, transmission, diagnosis, treatment & prevention of animal diseases
• Important people of science & medicine


  • Aristotle: Father of Biology
  • Hippocrates: Father of Human Medicine
  • Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus: Father of Veterinary Medicine
  • Charles Darwin: Father of Evolution
  • Carolus von Linnaeus: Father of Taxonomy or Systematic Classification of Organisms
  • Johann Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics
  • Galen/Galenus of Pergamon: Father of Human Anatomy
  • Andreas Vesalus: Father of Comparative Anatomy
  • Louis Pasteur: Father of Foundations of Microbiology
  • Robert Koch: Father of Modern Microbiology
  • Rudolf Leuckart: Father of Parasitology
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Father of Protozoology
  • William Harvey: Father of Blood Circulation & Physiology; discovered the process of blood circulation
  • Rudolf Virchow: Father of Modern Pathology
  • Paracelsus: Grandfather of Pharmacology
  • Robert Hooke: 1st to observe the cell under the microscope from corks in 1665
  • Matthias Schleiden: botanist
  • Theodore Schwann: zoologist
  • Watson & Crick: discovered the double helical strand of the DNA structure in 1953
  • Hans (father) & Zacharias (son) Janssen of Holland: invented the 1st microscope, but credit was given to Leeuwenhoek by observing the biological specimens (RBC, protozoan, bacteria, sperm cell)
• Anatomy


  Study of parts & structures of animals (vertebrates/higher forms of animals)

  
• Morphology


  Deals with the forms usually of lower forms of animals (invertebrates)
• Domestic animals in veterinary anatomy

  • Horse
  • Cattle/Ox
  • Pig
  • Sheep
  • Goat
  • Dog
  • Cat
  • Chicken
• Developmental Anatomy/Embryology


  Deals with embryonic & fetal development of animals
• Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy


  Deals with the parts of the animals that are visible to the naked eye, no need for microscope
• Sub-branches of Gross Anatomy


  • Osteology: study of bones
  • Myology: deals with muscles
  • Arthrology/Syndesmology: joints & articulation
  • Splachnology: deals with visceral organs (internal organs of digestive, respiratory, & neurogential system)
  • Aethosiology: deals with special senses such as eyes & ears
  • Angiology: deals with circulatory structures
  • Neurology: deals with nervous structures
• Microscopic Anatomy/Histology


  Tissues or animal parts that are invisible to the naked eye
• Comparative Veterinary Anatomy


  Similarities & differences between body parts of the animals
• Planes of sections


  • Longitudinal Median/Mid-Sagittal
  • Sagittal/Tangential
  • Transverse/Cross-Section/Horizontal
  • Frontal/Coronal/Dorsal
• Longitudinal Median/Mid-Sagittal


  Situated at the longitudinal section of the body; divides the body in equal left & right halves; parts present in left side must be present in the right side
• Sagittal/Tangential


  Parallel to the mid-sagittal plane; divides the body in unequal left & right halves
• Transverse/Cross-Section/Horizontal


  Perpendicular to the mid-sagittal plane; divides the body into cranial & caudal parts (not necessarily placed in the middle; disregards if the body is sectioned in equal halves)

  
• Frontal/Coronal/Dorsal


  Perpendicular to mid-sagittal & transverse; divides the body in (dorsal) upper & (ventral) lower parts
• Topographical terms for head & body/trunk part

  • Dorsal
  • Ventral
  • Anterior/Cranial
  • Posterior/Caudal
  • Rostral

  
• Rostral


  Cranial end of the head; cranial part of the head

  
• Ethmoid Bone


  Represents the boundary of the rostral part of the body

  
• Cephalic


  Refers to the head; any body part facing the head (developing brain)
• Topographical terms for extremities (appendages)


  • Proximal
  • Distal
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Anterior/Cranial
  • Posterior/Caudal
• Topographical terms for internal organs


  • Superior
  • Inferior
• Topographical terms for solid organs (non-hollow)

  • Superficial/Cortical/Cortex
  • Deep/Medullary/Medulla
• Topographical terms for manus (hand) & pes (feet)

  • Palmar
  • Plantar
  • Volar
• Terms applied to surfaces of teeth


  • Occlusal
  • Labial
  • Lingual
• Skeletal System


  Serves as framework for the body, & protects the internal organs from injury
• Divisions of the skeletal system


  • Axial Skeleton
  • Appendicular Skeleton
  • Splanchnic Skeleton

  
• Axial Skeleton


  Bones situated along the longitudinal axis of the body

  
• Bones of the Axial Skeleton


  • Skull
  • Vertebral column (Backbone)
  • Ribs
  • Sternum

  
• Appendicular Skeleton


  Bones of the appendages/limbs

  
• Bones of the Forelimbs/Anterior Limbs


  • Shoulder Girdle (balikat): scapula, clavicle, coracoid
  • Arm: humerus
  • Forearm: radius & ulna
  • Manus: carpals, metacarpals, & phalanges

  
• Coracoid


  Well-developed bones in avians; vestigial/rudimentary in mammals (small bone connected in the scapula)
• Bones of the Hindlimbs/Posterior Limbs

  • Pelvic Girdle (balakang): ilium, ischium, pubis
  • Thigh: femur with patella/kneecap
  • True leg/Crus (binti): tibia & fibula
  • Pes: tarsals, metatarsals, & phalanges

  
• Patella


  Largest sesamoid bone; articulates at the distal extremity of the femur